China

There are major developments in e-learning in mainland China , and in view of increased interest in China from many European universities, a better understanding of Chinese approaches to pedagogy, technology and organisation would be helpful.

In contrast to the EU, some of the highest-ranking Chinese universities, such as Tsinghua University, have impressive operational capability in e-learning and have developed their own learning environments.

Partners situated in China

None.

China in a nutshell

(sourced from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China)

The People's Republic of China (simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国; traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó), commonly known as China, is the largest country in East Asia with Beijing as its capital city. It is a single-party socialist republic comprising of:

• 22 provinces
• 5 autonomous regions
• 4 municipalities,
• 2 Special Administrative Regions (Hong Kong and Macao)

Source : http://www.cia.gov

The country is vast, stretching for 5000 km across the East Asian landmass, and has a diverse landscape. In the north, near China's borders with Mongolia and Russia's Siberia, the Gobi Desert and forest steppes dominate the dry expanse while lush subtropical forests grow along its southern borders with Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar. The terrain in the west is rugged and high altitude with the Himalayas and the Tian Shan mountain ranges forming China's natural borders with India and Central Asia. In contrast, China's eastern seaboard is low-lying and has a 14,500-km long coastline bounded on the southeast by the South China Sea and on the east by the East China Sea beyond which lies Korea and Japan.

At 9.6 million km and with more than 1.3 billion people (a fifth of humanity), the People's Republic of China (PRC) is the third or fourth largest country by area and the most populous in the world.

The PRC is a major power holding a permanent seat on the UN Security Council and memberships in APEC, East Asia Summit, and Shanghai Cooperation Organization. China is a nuclear state as well as having the world's largest standing army and fourth largest defense budget. It is a fast-growing economic power having the world's fourth largest GDP in nominal terms or second largest in purchasing power and consuming as much as a third of the world's steel and over a half of its concrete. China is also the world's second largest exporter and the third largest importer. Since the introduction of market-based economic reforms in 1978, the poverty rate in China has gone down from 53% to 8% in 2001. However, China is now faced with a number of other economic problems including a rapidly ageing population, a widening rural-urban income gap, and rapid environmental degradation.

China education system

(sourced from http://www.index-china.com/index-english/education-s.htm)

China has adopted a nine-year compulsory schooling system, which means all children are required to attend school for at least nine years. Students have to complete both the primary school programme and the junior middle-school programme. Higher education is only for those students who have passed examinations of all levels. Student must pass the entrance examination for senior middle schools or middle-level technical schools. After two, three or four years, they have to go through national college entrance examination for admission to universities.

Pre-school Education

Children aged from 3 to 6 will attend kindergartens near their neighborhoods, where they learn the basics of the native language and subjects. They play games, dance, sing and act. Children are taught from the early year the values of Truth, Kindness and Beauty.

Chinese take children education very seriously since they know that a person's personality is mould in the early childhood.

Primary School Education

The primary school education requires six years. Pupils are required to take a variety of subjects such as the Chinese language, fundamental mathematics and moral education. They also take part in sports and extra-curriculum activities. Foreign languages such as English are optional courses in the senior year of the primary education

High School Education

High school education has two parts, 3-year junior high school program and senior high school.

From junior high school, students begin to learn a variety of science subjects such as chemistry, physics and biology and other subjects such as history, geography, and foreign languages. Physical education is enthusiastically encouraged.

Senior high school education is a continuation of junior high school. Students take up specific subjects in either science or humanity subjects. Many contests are organized annually in all levels to encourage their study. The "Olympic Series" are the most noticeable ones.

The purpose is for them in preparation for the national college entrance examination. Examinations are designed separately for science and arts students

A detailed description of Chinese education system covering school and Higher Education can be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China

For Higher Education see next.

Schools in Country

China has over 200 million elementary and high school students, who, together with pre-school children, account for one sixth of the total population. For this reason the Central Government has prioritized basic education as a key field of infrastructure construction and educational development.

In recent years, senior high school education has developed steadily. In 2004 enrollment was 8.215 million, 2.3 times that of 1988. Gross national enrollment in senior high schools has reached 43.8 percent, still lower than that of other developed countries.

The government has created a special fund to improve conditions in China's elementary and high schools, for new construction, expansion and the re-building of run-down structures. Per-capita educational expenditure for elementary and high school students has grown greatly, teaching and research equipment, books and documents being updated and renewed every year.

Government's aim for the development of China's basic education system is to approach or attain the level of moderately developed countries by 2010.

"Key schools," shut down during the Cultural Revolution, reappeared in the late 1970s and, in the early 1980s, became an integral part of the effort to revive the lapsed education system. Because educational resources were scarce, selected ("key") institutions - usually those with records of past educational accomplishment - were given priority in the assignment of teachers, equipment, and funds. They also were allowed to recruit the best students for special training to compete for admission to top schools at the next level. Key schools constituted only a small percentage of all regular senior middle schools and funneled the best students into the best secondary schools, largely on the basis of entrance scores. In 1980 the greatest resources were allocated to the key schools that would produce the greatest number of college entrants. In 1986 the Shanghai Educational Bureau abolished the key junior-middle-school system to ensure "an overall level of education." Despite the effort to abolish the "Key Schools" system, the practice still exists today under other names, and education inequality is still being widely criticized by some government officials and scholars.

Further and Higher education

Higher education in China is to train specialists for all the sectors of the country's development. Universities, colleges and institutes offer four- or five-year undergraduate programs as well as special two-or three-year programs. Students who have completed a first degree may apply to enter graduate schools.

University admission is operated on a centralized enrolment system, in which admissions committees at the provincial level are under the Ministry of Education. Admission is granted on the basis of academic, physical and moral qualifications. Special allowances are made for minority nationality and overseas Chinese candidates

The nationwide examinations are held in the first ten days of July. Candidate can take the examination in either one of the two categories, humanities or sciences/engineering. They apply for the institutions and departments they wish to enter in order of preference. Enrolment is determined by the examination results. Brief investigation into their social behavior and moral character is conducted before students are admitted. In some faculties, specific physical requirements must be met.

China currently provides free university education. Students do not have to pay tuition fee and are provided with free on-campus dormitories. Grants or subsidies will be given to students whose families have financial difficulties. The dormitory, which forms an important part of university life, is run by the students themselves through the students' union under the China Students' Federation, to which all enrolled students belong.

The education system is under reform. The number of paid students increases dramatically in recent years. The trend may continue and the government may eventually adopt a pay system instead.

Universities in China

(sourced from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_China)

Higher education in China is continuously growing, changing and developing. There are over 2,000 universities and colleges, with more than six million enrollments in total. China has set up a degree system, including Bachelors, Masters and Doctoral degrees that are open to foreign students. The country offers non-degree programmes as well.

According to the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, the government authority on all matters pertaining to education and language, higher education in China has played a significant part in economic growth, scientific progress and social development in the country "by bringing up large scale of advanced talents and experts for the construction of socialist modernization."

New trends in Chinese higher education are attracting the attention of educators around the world. Since China began to develop a Western-oriented university model at the end of nineteenth century, Chinese higher education has continued to evolve. Since the late 1980s, however, tremendous economic development in China has stimulated reforms in higher education that have resulted in remarkable changes.

In 2002, there were slightly over 2000 higher education institutions in PRC. Close to 1400 were regular higher education institutions (HEIs). A little more than 600 were higher education institutions for adults. Combined enrollment in 2002 was 11,256,800. Of this close to 40 percent were new recruits. Total graduate student enrolment was 501,000.[6]

In 2005, there were about 4,000 Chinese institutions. Student enrollment increased to 15 million, with rapid growth that is expected to peak in 2008. However, the higher education system does not meet the needs of 85 percent of the college-aged population.

Polytechnics in China

There are many such institutions

Education reform

Schools

The reform of Chinese Education system starte in 1985 when the National Conference on Education recognized five fundamental areas for reform intended to produce (i) "more able people"; (ii) to make the localities responsible for developing "basic education" and systematically implement a nine-year compulsory education program; (iii) to improve secondary education develop vocational and technical education; (iv) to reform and the graduate-assignment system of institutions of higher education and to expand their management and decision-making powers; (v) and to give administrators the necessary encouragement and authority to ensure smooth progress in educational reform.

The National Conference on Education paved the way for reorganization of the Ministry of Education, which occurred in June 1985.

The Ministry of Education, with its expanded administrative scope and power, was responsible for formulating guiding principles for education, establishing regulations, planning the progress of educational projects, coordinating the educational programs of different departments, and standardization educational reforms. Simplification of administration and delegation of authority were made the bases for improving the education system. This devolution of management to the autonomous regions, provinces, and special municipalities meant local governments had more decision-making power and were able to develop basic education. State-owned enterprises, mass organizations, and individuals were encouraged to pool funds to accomplish education reform. Local authorities used state appropriations and a percentage of local reserve financial resources (basically township financial revenues) to finance educational projects.

The Law on Nine-Year Compulsory Education (中华人民共和国义务教育法), which took effect on July 1, 1986, established requirements and deadlines for attaining universal education tailored to local conditions and guaranteed school-age children the right to receive at least nine years of education (six year primary education and three years secondary education).

In 1993, China’s Ministry of Education (MoE) published the “Outline for Education Reform and Development“ in which it announced to increase its annual budget to 4% of GDP by 2000. A glance at The National Bureau of Statistics‘ yearbook of 2001 reveals that China missed this ambitious target by about 30%. Evidently not satisfied with the overall development of the education sector, China’s leaders sat down once more in 2009 to draft the new [ “https://www.aei.gov.au/news/newsarchive/2010/documents/china_education_reform_pdf.pdf National Outline for Medium and Long-term Education Reform and Development (2010-2020)”] proposing to raise the 2012 educational budgetary bars to 4% of GDP, again.

Guiding theme of China’s education reform 2010 to 2020 is to build the foundation for a learning society by modernising the current educational system in its entirety. Main goal for a modernised Chinese education system is to be able to surrender globally competitive human resources to the working world. Education reform will be carried out on all levels of education, namely, pre-school, compulsory, high school, vocational, higher, continuing, minority, and special education. The education reform program will be thoroughly overhauling the way education is delivered, examined and administered in China – across all educational levels.

Measures named in the final revision of the education reform paper revolve around cultivating existing and training new teachers, guaranteed funding over the whole term of education reform, the informatisation of the educational system, enforcing education management according to current law, and conducting pilots to test areas of education reform that require fundamental changes. The agenda also stresses the role international educators play during the reform process: not only does China want to further stipulate existing cooperation on higher education level, but it plans to pilot jointly-run schools across educational levels.

Reform on all educational levels Pre-schools

• Guarantee universal access to pre-school education
• Make pre-school education integral part of urban and rural planning
• Encourage social participation and public-private-partnership
• Focus on development of rural pre-school education

Compulsory education

• Consolidate and enhance the level of nine-year compulsory education
• Migrant children’s education to be managed by the city governments and to be operated by full-time public schools ensuring equal access to compulsory education; improve the quality of compulsory education
• Reduce students’ academic burdens

High Schools

• Increase number of high school students
• Improve quality of high school education: conduct curriculum reform; promote research-based study, community service and social practice; develop education quality evaluation system; establish student development guidance system
• Diversify high school education: specialised courses

Vocational education

• Establish modern vocational education system which can adapt to economic changes and restructuring demands
• Quality improvements take priority
• Industry to provide guidance on how to operate schools
• Accelerate the development of vocational education in rural areas
• Improve vocational education: introduction of free secondary vocational education system; improve financial assistance to poor students

Higher education

• Accelerate the development of internationally renowned colleges and universities with a number of universities at or near the world-class level (programs 985 and 211)
• Improve quality of teaching
• Raise level of scientific research
• Further develop higher education for graduates to become more diversified; increase support for higher education * in Central and Western regions; encourage the eastern regions to take the lead in the development of higher education

Continuing education

• Accelerate the development of continuing education and establish learning society
• Establish institutional mechanisms for continuing education
• Build a flexible and open system of lifelong education: Schools, research institutions, enterprises equally to participate; community educational institutions and network building; promote distance learning; promote communication among all levels of education

Minority education

• Improve level of education for minorities and in ethnic areas; Both central and local government to increase investment
• Promote bilingual education: local language and Chinese language
• Other provinces to support minorities and ethnic areas

Special education

• Improve overall quality of disabled students; Governments at all levels to include development of special education into economic and social development plan
• Improve special education system
• Improve safeguard mechanisms: the state government to develop basic educational standards for special education schools; local governments to improve standard for each student; increase investment; improve cultivation of teachers teaching disabled students; increase support for poor students; gradually implement free higher school education for disabled students

Thoroughly overhauling the way education is delivered, examined and administered General education system

• Integrated development; everyone can become a talent; diversified talents; lifelong learning; systematic training
• Combine learning and thinking; Unify knowledge and practice; teach according to individuals’ needs
• Reform of education quality evaluation and personnel evaluation systems focusing on performance including character, knowledge, ability and other factors

Examination and enrolment systems

• Diversify admission systems
• Improve secondary school enrolment and examination system
• Improve higher education examination and enrolment system: introduce entrance examination according to level and broad field of education
• Improve examination information disclosure; strengthen government and community supervision

Building a modern school system

• Separation of government and schools: Establish self-management, democratic supervision and social participation
• Expand schools’ autonomy
• Improve modern university system: deans of colleges and universities to take overall responsibility; strengthen regulations; expand social cooperation; introduce academic program evaluation system
• Improve management system of primary and secondary schools: headmasters to take overall responsibility; expand schools’ autonomy; establish Parent Council
• Encourage cooperation between secondary vocational schools and enterprises

Setting up new schools

• Government to encourage industry to collaborate with public schools
• Support private education: clean up discriminating policies to improve the perception of private schools in public; public finance to provide support
• Government to supervise private schools

Operating existing schools

• Enforce segregation of duties
• Improve planning activities of provincial governments to develop policies suitable for different educational levels
• Reduce unnecessary administrative intervention from governments and move toward providing guidance to and supervision of public education
• Foster external education services to improve professional level of education

Education system internationalisation

• Strengthen international exchange and cooperation
• Introduce high-quality educational resources: Attract international schools, educational and research institutions and enterprises
• Mutual recognition of credits and degrees; exchange of teachers and students; Chinese schools to open overseas schools; improve scholarship mechanism; increase number of foreign students; strengthen cooperation with UNESCO and other international organisations

Measures assuring successful and smooth implementation of education reform

• Cultivation of Teachers'
• Guaranteed funding

* Education informatisation

• • Complete construction of digital education system covering both urban and rural areas
  • Strengthen development and application of high-quality education resources; strengthen online teaching resources; strengthen application of information technology
  • Establish a National Education Management Information System
• Enforce education according to the law

Piloting reform activities

• Quality Education Pilot
• Compulsory education reform pilot
• Pilot of Vocational Education Model reform
• Pilot for building life-long education system
• Pilot of teaching graduates toward innovation
• Pilot for examination and enrollment system reform
• Modern university reform pilot
• Pilot for reforming the financing of education in rural areas

Sourced from http://www.chinaeducationblog.com/chinese-education-policy/2010-06-14/china-defines-road-map-for-becoming-a-learning-society-by-2020/

Higher education reform

Other reforms

(sourced from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_China)

Since 1998, 10 universities have been targeted by the Chinese government to become “world-class” - including Peking and Tsinghua Universities. To achieve that goal, the government promised to increase the educational allocation in the national budget by 1 percent a year for each of the five years following 1998. When Chinese president Jiang Zemin attended the hundredth anniversary ceremony at Beijing University in 1998 and the ninetieth anniversary ceremony at Tsinghua University in 2001, he emphasized this ambitious goal of advancing several of China's higher education institutions into the top tier of universities worldwide in the next several decades. In the meantime, China has received educational aid from UNESCO and many other international organizations and sources, including the World Bank, which recently loaned China $14.7 billion for educational development.

Only 30 percent of faculty hold postgraduate degrees. This is a consequence of the lack of an academic degree system in China until the 1980s. Recently, internationally-trained scholars have entered the faculty with the goals of both improving quality and strengthening ties to other institutions around the world. The state recognizes the need for more home-grown professors.

In Spring 2007 China will conduct a national evaluation of its universities. The results of this evaluation will be used to support the next major planned policy initiative. The last substantial national evaluation of universities was in 1994. This evaluation resulted in the 'massification' of higher ecucation as well as a renewed emphasis on elite institutions.[

Administration and finance

Higher Education

There are many private universities in China.

Information society

China's HEIs in the information society

Information society strategy

The NREN for China is CERNET, China Education and Research Network - see http://www.edu.cn/english_1369/index.shtml

Support for OER

In China, materials from 750 courses have been made available by 222 university members of the China Open Resources for Education (CORE) consortium - see http://www.core.org.cn/cn/jpkc/index_en.html

References

See the China research pages at http://www.echinauk.org/cases/overarching/index.php which contain masses of relevant material.

Leading universities in China

(sourced from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_China)

It is probably wise to restrict any examples for Re.ViCa to universities in this list

1. Anhui University
2. Anhui University of Science and Technology
3. Beijing Film Academy
4. Beijing Foreign Studies University
5. Beijing Forestry University
6. Beijing Institute of Technology
7. Beijing Jiaotong University
8. Beijing Language and Culture University
9. Beijing Normal University
10. Beijing Sport University
11. Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
12. Beijing University of Chemical Technology
13. Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
14. Beijing University of Technology
15. Capital University of Medical Sciences
16. Central South University
17. Chang'an University
18. Chengdu University of Technology
19. China Agricultural University
20. China Medical University
21. China University of Geosciences
22. China University of Mining and Technology
23. China University of Political Science and Law
24. Chongqing University
25. Communication University of China
26. Dalian University of Technology
27. Donghua University
28. East China Normal University
29. East China University of Science and Technology
30. Fudan University
31. Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
32. Fujian Normal University
33. Fuzhou University
34. Guangdong University of Technology
35. Guangxi University
36. Harbin Institute of Technology
37. Hebei Normal University
38. Hebei University
39. Hebei University of Technology
40. Hefei University of Technology
41. Heilongjiang University
42. Henan University
43. Hohai University
44. Hunan Normal University
45. Hunan University
46. Jiangsu University
47. Jilin University
48. Jinan University
49. Kunming University of Science and Technology
50. Lanzhou University
51. Nanchang University
52. Nanjing Forestry University
53. Nanjing Normal University
54. Nanjing University
55. Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
56. Nanjing University of Science & Technology
57. Nanjing University of Technology
58. Nankai University
59. Northeast Normal University
60. Northeastern University
61. Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University
62. Northwest University
63. Northwestern Polytechnical University
64. Ocean University of China
65. Peking University
66. Qingdao University
67. Renmin University of China
68. Shaanxi Normal University
69. Shandong Agricultural University
70. Shandong Normal University
71. Shandong University
72. Shandong University of Science and Technology
73. Shanghai Institute of Foreign Trade
74. Shanghai Jiao Tong University
75. Shanghai Second Medical University
76. Shanxi University
77. Sichuan University
78. Soochow University
79. South China Agricultural University
80. South China Normal University
81. South China University of Technology
82. Southeast University
83. Southwest China Normal University
84. Southwest Jiaotong University
85. Sun Yat-sen University
86. Taiyuan University of Technology
87. The Central Academy of Drama
88. The University of Science and Technology Beijing
89. Tianjin University
90. Tongji University
91. Tsinghua University
92. University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
93. University of Petroleum
94. University of Science and Technology of China
95. Wuhan University
96. Wuhan University of Technology
97. Xiamen University
98. Xi'an Jiaotong University
99. Xiangtan University
100. Xidian University
101. Yangzhou University
102. Yanshan University
103. Yunnan University
104. Zhejiang University
105. Zhengzhou University
106. Zhongnan University of Economics and Law

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Lessons learnt

Notable practices

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