Germany

by Daniela Proli, SCIENTER
original general and HE-related material by Theo Bastiaens
material on Länder by Paul Bacsich

For university-related material see also Germany from Re.ViCa

For OER policies and projects in Germany see Germany/OER

For entities in Germany (including Länder) see Category:Germany

Partners and Experts situated in Germany

None in VISCED, co-author Theo Bastiaens was a partner in Re.ViCa.

Germany in a nutshell

Germany and its "Länder"

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is a country in Central Europe. The territory of Germany covers 357,021 km² and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate.

With over 82 million inhabitants, it comprises the largest population among the member states of the European Union and is home to the third-highest number of international migrants worldwide.

The capital of Germany is Berlin.

Germany (Deutschland) is a Federal Republic consisting of sixteen states, known in German as Länder (singular Land). Since Land is the literal German word for "country", the term Bundesländer (federal states; singular Bundesland) is commonly used colloquially, as it is more specific, though technically incorrect within the corpus of German law. The peoples of the states are the nation of Germany. The governments of the states are part of the authority of Germany.

The states have many devolved powers including nearly full control of the education system including universities. Different states differ considerably as to how they exercise this control.

Under the Basic Law (Grundgesetz) the exercice of governmental powers and the fulfilment of governmental responsibility is incumbent upon the individual Länder as far as the Basic Law does not provide for or allow for any other arrangement. The Basic Law contains a few fundamental provisions on questions of education, culture and science: thus for example it guarantees the freedom of art and scholarship, research and teaching, the freedom of faith and creed, free choice of profession and of the place of training, equality before the law and the rights of parents. The entire school system is under the supervision of the state.

Unless the Basic Law awards legislative powers to the Federation, the Länder have the right to legislate. Within the education system, this applies to the school sector, the higher education sector, adult education and continuing education. Administration of the education system in these areas is almost exclusively a matter for the Länder.

States of Germany

The 16 Länder are called in English (and German if different):

1. Baden-Württemberg
2. Bavaria (Bayern)
3. Berlin - city-state
4. Brandenburg
5. Bremen - city-state
6. Hamburg - city-state
7. Hesse (Hessen)
8. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
9. Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen)
10. North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen)
11. Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz)
12. Saarland (French: Sarre)
13. Saxony (Sachsen)
14. Saxony-Anhalt (Sachsen-Anhalt)
15. Schleswig-Holstein
16. Thuringia (Thüringen)

Those states in bold have at least 5 million people (and of these, four have 10-20 million) - in other words, they are larger than many European countries.

Education in Germany

Education in Germany include

• pre-primary education from 3 to 6 years of age
• compulsory education from 6 to 15 or 16 years of age (depending on the land)
• upper secondary education (including general education as well as vocational education and vocational training in the dual sytem)
• tertiary education

Preprimary education

Pre-primary education and care is part of the child and youth welfare sector. In most Länder, responsibility for pre-primary education and care lies with the social ministries. From three to six years, children can attend Kindergärten which are mainly run by non-public bodies (primarily churches and welfare associations) and to which parents are required to contribute, despite the allocation of major public subsidies and reliance on other funds.

Compulsory schooling

Full-time education is compulsory from between the ages of 6 and 15 or 16 (depending on the Land), and part-time education is compulsory until the age of 18 for those who do not attend a full-time school.

Grundschule (primary education)	6-10 years of age (6-12, Berlin & Brandenburg)
Lower secondary education Orientierungsstufe (‘orientation’ phase within the different school types) Gymnasium/Realschule/Hauptschule/Gesamtschule and types of schools offering several courses of education (Schularten mit mehreren Bildungsgängen)	10-12 years of age 10/12-15/16 years of age
Upper secondary education	15/16-18/19 years of age

All pupils in Germany enter the Grundschule which covers grades 1 to 4. The transition from the Grundschule (primary school) to one of the different lower secondary school types where pupils remain at least until the completion of their full-time compulsory education is dealt with differently depending on Land legislation. Following the primary school stage at which all children attend mixed-ability classes (grades 1 to 4, in Berlin and Brandenburg grades 1 to 6) the organisation of the secondary school system (grades 5/7 to 12/13) in the Länder is characterised by division into the various educational paths with their respective leaving certificates and qualifications for which different school types are responsible.

Secondary education includes four types of schools based on a pupil's ability as determined by teacher recommendations:

• the Gymnasium includes the most gifted children and prepares students for university studies;
• the Realschule has a broader range of emphasis for intermediary students;
• the Hauptschule prepares pupils for vocational education
• the Gesamtschule or comprehensive school combines the three approaches.

There are also Förderschulen (schools for the mentally challenged and physically challenged). One in 21 students attends a Förderschule.

Post-compulsory education and post secondary level education

Once pupils have completed compulsory schooling – generally when they reach the age of 15 – they move into upper secondary education. The type of school entered depends on the qualifications and entitlements obtained at the end of lower secondary education. The range of courses on offer includes full-time general education and vocational schools, as well as vocational training within the duales System (dual system). In order to enter a university, high school students are required to take the Abitur examination. The courses of education provided at vocational schools within the upper secondary level lead to a vocational qualification for skilled work as qualified staff, e.g. in the anerkannte Ausbildungsberufe (recognised occupations requiring formal training) or the assistant occupations; however, students possessing a diploma from a vocational school may also apply to enter higher education.

General upper secondary school (Gymnasiale Oberstufe) at the following school types: Gymnasium/Berufliches Gymnasium/Fachgymnasium/Gesamtschule	15/16-18/19 years of age
Vocational education and training Berufsfachschule (full-time vocational education) Fachoberschule (full time vocational education) duales System – Berufschule + Betrieb (dual system: part-time vocational school and part-time on-the-job training)	15/16-18 years of age 16-18 years of age 15/16-18/19 years of age
Post-secondary non-tertiary education Berufsfachschule Fachoberschule Abendgymnasium/Kolleg duales System – Berufschule + Betrieb (dual system: part-time vocational school and part-time on-the-job training)	19-22 years of age 18-19 years of age 20-35 years of age 19-22 years of age

For more detailed information see Eurydice, Organisation of the Education System in Germany, 2009/2010

On the German education system see also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Germany

A glossary with explanation of different school types is available at http://www.kmk.org/fileadmin/doc/Dokumentation/Bildungswesen_en_pdfs/en-2009.pdf

Schools in Germany

For a full list of school in Germany visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Germany

Further and Higher education

Higher education (HE) studies in Germany are offered at three types of Higher Education Institutions (HEI)

• Universitäten (Universities) including various specialized institutions, offer the whole range of academic disciplines. In the German tradition, universities focus in particular on basic research so that advanced stages of study have mainly theoretical orientation and research-oriented components.
• Fachhochschulen (Universities of Applied Sciences) concentrate their study programmes in engineering and other technical disciplines, business-related studies, social work, and design areas. The common mission of applied research and development implies a distinct application-oriented focus and professional character of studies, which include integrated and supervised work assignments in industry, enterprises or other relevant institutions.
• Kunst- und Musikhochschulen (Universities of Art/Music) offer studies for artistic careers in fine arts, performing arts and music; in such fields as directing, production, writing in theatre, film, and other media; and in a variety of design areas, architecture, media and communication.

Studies in all three types of institutions have traditionally been offered in integrated "long" (one-tier) programmes leading to Diplom- or Magister Artium degrees or completed by a Staatsprüfung (State Examination). Within the framework of the Bologna-Process one-tier study programmes are successively being replaced by a two-tier study system. Since 1998, a scheme of first- and second-level degree programmes (Bachelor and Master) was introduced to be offered parallel to or instead of integrated "long" programmes.

The Berufsakademie – offered by some Länder – forms part of the tertiary sector and combines academic training at a Studienakademie with practical in-company professional training in keeping with the principle of the dual system.

According to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), the Fachschulen, the Fachakademien in Bayern and the two- and three-year schools in the health sector (Schulen des Gesundheitswesens) are also part of the tertiary sector. Fachschulen are continuing vocational education institutions in the tertiary sector that, as a rule, require the completion of relevant vocational training in a recognised occupation requiring formal training and subsequent employment

Higher Education Institutions are either state or state-recognized institutions. In their operations, including the organization of studies and the designation and award of degrees, they are both subject to higher education legislation.

For detailed information on the German Higher Education System and the different types of higher education institution see http://www.daad.de/deutschland/hochschulen/hochschultypen/00414.en.html

Universities in Germany

For a full list of Universities in Germany visit http://www.daad.de/deutschland/hochschulen/hochschulprofile/00597.en.html?show=liste

Administration and finance

The political and administrative hierarchy in the Federal Republic of Germany is made up of three levels: 1) Federation; 2) Länder; and 3) local authorities (Kommunen).

According to the Basic Law (Grundgesetz), educational legislation and administration are primarily the responsibility of the Länder (in a system comprising the Land Ministries of Education, Cultural affairs and Science, the regional authorities (Bezirksregierung/Oberschulamt) and the lower-level school supervisory authorities (Schulamt). This particularly applies to the school system, higher education and the adult education/continuing education sector.

Decisions on the financing of education are taken at all three levels, but over 90 per cent of public expenditure are provided by the Länder and the local authorities.

The Länder cooperate with each other within the framework of the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder in the Federal Republic of Germany (abbr.: Kultusministerkonferenz – KMK) on matters of importance for all Länder.

The responsibilities of the Federal Government in education are defined in the Basic Law. Among these responsibilities is the legislation concerning the admission to higher education institutions and the degrees they confer, as well as the financial assistance for individual training, including promotion of younger academic staff. The Basic Law also provides for particular forms of cooperation between the Federation and the Länder, such as that which occurs in the sector of the promotion of research.

Schools

Pre-primary sector

Pre-school education is not a part of the state school system, and Kindergarten attendance is not, as a general rule, free of charge. Publicly-maintained Kindergärten (maintained by the local authorities) are financed by the local authority (Kommune), by the Land (subsidies to cover personnel and material costs etc.) and through parental contributions. Meanwhile, Kindergärten that are privately maintained (by churches, parents' initiatives etc.) are also financed by the local authority (Kommune), by the Land and through parental contributions, and, in addition, by the maintaining body's own resources. The financing by the Länder may encompass subsidies to cover investment, personnel and material costs etc.

Primary and secondary sector

Supervision of the school system (general education and vocational schools) is the responsibility of the Ministries of Education and Cultural Affairs in the Länder in their capacity as the highest educational authorities. The planning and organisation of the overall school system is the responsibility of the Ministries of Education and Cultural Affairs and the subordinate school supervisory authorities. The Länder are in charge of organising the school structure and determining the content of courses and teaching objectives. Attendance of public-sector schools is free of charge. The public-sector school system is financed on the basis of a division of responsibilities between the Länder and the Kommunen (local authorities). While the latter bear the costs of non-teaching staff and the material costs, the Ministries of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder are responsible for the teaching staff payroll.

The possibility of schools managing their own budgetary funds has increased in recent years on the basis of amendments to the school legislation. In the majority of Länder, schools are already able to determine their own use of resources for one or several types of expenses (e.g. learning and teaching aids) within the budget allocated by the maintaining body. Initial approaches are also in place for the autonomous use of the personnel resources allocated.

The maintaining bodies of privately-maintained schools receive some financial support from the Länder, in various forms.

Quality assurance, inspection and accreditation

Supervision of the school system (general education and vocational schools) is the responsibility of the Ministries of Education and Cultural Affairs in the Länder as the highest educational authorities, as stated in the Basic Law (Grundgesetz).

The school legislation of most Länder provides for measures of external and internal evaluation beyond state supervision.

The Länder have taken a number of evaluation measures which combine various quality assurance and quality development procedures. These measures are embedded in overall strategies of the individual Länder for quality evaluation and quality assurance which, amongst other measures, include

• the strengthening of the autonomy of the individual school,
• the development of school-specific profiles,
• the promotion of inter-school cooperation
• the strengthening of the advisory functions of the school supervisory authority.

The evaluation systems for schools in the Länder are in line with the Educational Standards (Bildungsstandards) for the primary and secondary sector adopted by the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs in order to thoroughly develop and assure the quality of instruction and school education on the basis of binding standards. These Länder-spanning target criteria are in most Länder complemented by the provisions of the so-called frameworks for school quality which provide schools with indicators of school and teaching practice quality. The schools in the Länder are evaluated by external evaluation agencies and inspection systems in accordance with these criteria. It is the main task of the Institut zur Qualitätsentwicklung im Bildungswesen – IQB (Institute for Educational Progress) to review whether the educational standards have been met in the Länder.

The Federation and the Länder have agreed on a biennial indicator-based report Education in Germany as a continuous, data-based, problem-centred examination of the German education system.

Quality assurance for in-company vocational training

Quality assurance in in-company vocational training is achieved mainly through laws and regulations and through the recommendations of the board of the Federal Institute for Vocational Training - BIBB . The Vocational Training Act (Berufsbildungsgesetz – BBiG) places a high value on quality assurance and quality development. It contains a comprehensive set of instruments for assuring quality in vocational education and training which ranges from the establishment of uniform national standards for training and examinations in the training regulations and further training regulations of the Federation to the responsibilities of the competent bodies with regard to ensuring the personal and technical aptitude of the instructors and the suitability of the training premises.

Information society

Initiative D21

The Initiative D21 is a public-private partnership initiative aimed at improving the general conditions necessary to move on successfully into the information and knowledge society and to make Germany more internationally competitive. More than 200 representatives of enterprises, associations, parties, political institutions and other organizations are currently involved, including board members from companies such as Alcatel, AOL, Cisco Systems, debitel, IBM, Microsoft, Siemens and TNS Infratest. They are assisted by an Advisory Council. Their commitment is channeled toward promoting skills in the use of information and communications technologies among specific social groups, as well as in schools, government agencies, associations and enterprises.

The Initiative D21 is pursuing these objectives in some 40 practical projects, each headed by a representative of business and politics.

The Initiative is organized into three subject areas ("steering groups"):

• Digital Integration
• Digital Competence
• Digital Excellence

The annual "(N)ONLINER Atlas" is the largest study on the use of the Internet in Germany, see (N)ONLINER Atlas 2011 report

ICT strategy of the German Federal Government: Digital Germany 2015

The ICT strategy, Digital Germany 2015, sets out the priorities, tasks and projects for the period up to 2015. It aims to do the following:

• Strengthen competitiveness through the use of ICT in all segments of the economic process
• Expand digital infrastructure and networks to meet future challenges
• Safeguard the protected and personal rights of users in the future Internet and in the use of new media
• Step up research and development in the ICT sector and speed up the translation of R&D findings into marketable products and services
• Strengthen basic, further and continuing education and training and competencies in handling new media
• Make consistent use of ICT to cope with social problems, including sustainability and climate protection, health, mobility, administration and the improvement of the quality of life of citizens.

ICT in education initiatives

ICT initiatives in education in Germany are determined at Land level, resulting in a highly fragmented picture which is difficult to map. Since the mid-90s the Federeal Ministry of Education has been trying to adpat the German schools to the digital age. As they are not able to directly interfere in the curriculum, these initiatives mainly support ICT integration in education by providing equipment and technical advice. The main aims of these initiatives are

• encourage a responsible, critical and creative approach on the part of pupils and students
• include ICT in the initial and in-service training of teachers
• encourage partnership between multimedia centres and teacher training institutes in the Länder

In 1996 The Federal Ministry Education and Research (in cooperation with Deutsche Telekom) has created the Schulen ans Netz association with the first mission of connecting all German schools to the Internet, by the end of 2001. After that, Schulen ans Netz was step by step transformed a competence centre covering all aspects of the use of new media in schools. The scope of Schulen ans Netz is nationwide and the focus of the work lays on identifying and disseminating Good Practice. The main emphasis is to offer concrete online tools, content and support for teachers, school leaders, school authorities and parents. These services shall simplify teaching and learning with ICT in daily school life.

Virtual initiatives in schools

Lehrer-online

Lehrer-online (teachers-online) is the national German school server, funded by the national ministry for education and research.The main tasks of Lehrer-online are the provision of information and teaching material for schools (primary schools, secondary schools, vocational schools). New media is a strong focus of the programme.

Lehrer-online is part of an online network www.schulen-ans-netz.de, financed by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and, in its first phase, sponsored by the Deutsche Telekom as well. Some German federal states have similar and linked initiatives, e.g. Bavaria, Lower Saxony etc.. Like all the web-based services, provided by the Schulen ans Netz, this portal was also supported by a team of education experts, IT-specialists and teachers who were knowledgeable of the current educational needs.

The services of Lehrer-Online include:

• Practical teaching modules including free-of-charge working materials, methodological and didactical articles and suggestions for classroom preparation, which have been developed and approved by teachers in the classroom and carefully developed, researched and validated by editorial staff, both in terms of subject and methodology, before being published.
• Dedicated discussion fora, where teaching professionals can exchange their ideas and experience.
• An information service specially tailored to users’ needs. This includes news about schools, new media and education policy along with in-depth information on practical legalities like data privacy and copyright issues.
• The Virtual Learning Environment lo-net offering virtual rooms for cooperation with colleagues as well as for class teaching and cooperative projects with other schools in Germany and elsewhere.
• The homepage generator for primary schools:Primolo is a net-based tool which can be used free of charge and which enables primary school children accompanied by a teacher to design their own web sites.

Virtuelle Schule

The Virtuelle Schule (Virtual School) is an initiative of the non-profit association Virtual School e. V. and include three internet platforms:

• Virtuelle Schule for pupils in grades 5 and 12
• Ubergängen Gestalten, specifically focused on the passage between different school levels
• Virtuelle Grundschule, for primary school (pupils in grades 1-4)

They address mainly teachers (by providing relevant material and content for their lessons and teaching practice), but there is also space for access and participation on the part of students and parents

It might be further investigated as a potential exemplary. The internet platfom generates from a previous initiative (end of the 90s) at the Clavius-Gymnasium in Bamberg

LizzyNet

LizzyNet is a portal and community with information, communications and learning tools especially developed for girls The concept of the platforms and communities of LizzyNet are made available on request. In both communities the creation of national groups from other countries is welcome. Also groups for international exchange can be created

Exil-Club

Exil-Club is an online learning environment that engages with the subjects of exile, migration and intercultural education. The content as well as the working platform of the Exil-Club can be used by European school projects dealing with topics from the Exil-Club.

Lo-net and Virtuelles Gymnasium Sonthofen

The Sonthofen Gymnasium, in Sonthofen is an interesting example of adoption of the lo-net services to create virtual classrooms and change the traditional way of teaching-learning in school.

Lo-net stands for "lehrer-Online-Netzwerks" (teacher on line network) and is a service provided by Schulen and Nets - free of charge - for schools. The second version of lo-net was launched in 2006, and provides for the possibility to create virtual learning environments (virtual classrooms and groups) where teachers and students can work and where it is possible to exchange artefacts and materials. As mentioned in the Lo-net website homepage "“LO-Net makes true the dream of the virtual school: teachers and learners work together in classes and courses online, school organization and work with parents take place in the network. Already more than 6,500 schools nationwide use the web-based learning and work lo-net platform, the comprehensive and innovative solution for schools.”

Virtuelles Gymnasium Sonthofen: in the Sonthofen Gymansium, which has subscribed to the lo-net system, all teachers and students have their own account, which is also an email address. In 2006 Many teachers in the school were already giving their lessons using lo-net, including homeworks, opportunities for additional practice, etc. Students can also work with their classmates, exchange material, i.e. upload and download presentations. Forum and chats are also available. The learning environment access is controlled but can be opened either to other classrooms, as well as to parents etc.. (it would be interesting to see how the situation has developed after 2006)

Deutsche Fernschule (German Correspondance School)

The Deutsche Fernschule is an important correpondance school for expat children (6 to 10) has traditionally avoided the use of internet, given also the very young age of the target group. A pilot project has however been recenlty launched, and might deserve some further investigation. Info retrieved from http://www.expatica.com/es/family/kids/The-virtual-classroom_16680.html

Other potential interesting cases

The report on a EU study visit at Schulen ans Nets (2004) of Group C (Implementation of "E&T 2010" work programme) "ICT in education and training", indicate some potential interesting schools, innovatively applying ICT in their daily practices.

References

1. Eurydice, National system overviews on education systems in Europe and ongoing reforms, Germany 2010
2. Eurydice, Structures of Education and Training Systems in Europe, Germany, 2009/10
3. Eurybase, The Information Database on Education Systems in Europe: The Education System in Germany, 2009/10
4. Federal Ministry of Education and Research
5. German Education Server
6. http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/2010/doc/infovisit_bonn.pdf
7. Mediennutzung und eLearning in Schulen

Recent reports (last 8 years)

1. Bacsich, P. (2017), Credit Transfer for Open/Online Graduate Programs: Annex 7 Germany, Report for Thompson Rivers University, September 2017, Media:PLAR Masters benchmark Annex 7 Germany.pdf
2. ADULT EDUCATION AND OER 2015 COUNTRY UPDATE:Germany, by [[Giles Pepler[[ with Susanne Friz, ADOERUP, April 2015, Media:ADOERUP Germany.pdf

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