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Thailand
This report uses the new POERUP-compatible version of the VISCED template
Original report by Paul Bacsich for Re.ViCa and VISCED. Updated to OER POERUP level by Thomas Salmon for POERUP in 2013, and revised in June 2014
For entities in Thailand see Category:Thailand
Partners and experts in Thailand
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Thailand in a nutshell
(sourced from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand)
Thailand, in full the Kingdom of Thailand (Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย - Ratcha Anachak Thai) is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia.
- The country's official name was Siam (Thai: สยาม RTGS: Sayam) until 1939 when it was changed to Thailand. It was renamed Siam from 1945 to 1949, after which it was again renamed Thailand. Also spelled Siem, Syâm or Syâma, it has been identified with the Sanskrit Śyâma (श्याम, meaning "dark" or "brown"). But the names Shan and A-hom seem to be variants of the same word, and Śyâma is possibly not its origin but a learned and artificial distortion.
Thailand is bordered to the north by Laos and Burma, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
Thailand is the world's 50th largest country in terms of total area (slightly smaller than Yemen and slightly larger than Spain), with a surface area of approximately 513,000 km2 (198,000 sq mi), and the 21st most-populous country, with approximately 63 million people.
The capital and largest city of Thailand is Bangkok. It is also the country's centre of political, commercial, industrial and cultural activities.
About 75% of the population is ethnically Thai, 14% is of Chinese origin, and 3% is ethnically Malay; the rest belong to minority groups including Mons, Khmers and various hill tribes. There are an estimated 2.2 million legal and illegal migrants in Thailand.[4] Thailand has also attracted a small number of expatriates from developed countries in the West. The country's official language is Thai.
Thailand is one of the most devoutly Buddhist countries in the world. The national religion is Theravada Buddhism which is practiced by more than 94.7% of all Thais. Muslims make up 4.6% of the population and 0.7% belong to other religions.[6] Culture and traditions in Thailand are significantly influenced by India, as are Burma, Laos and Cambodia.
Thailand is a constitutional monarchy with King Bhumibol Adulyadej, the ninth king of the House of Chakri, as the ruling monarch. The King has reigned for more than sixty-three years, making him the longest reigning Thai monarch and the longest reigning current monarch in the world. The King is recognized as the Head of State, the Head of the Armed Forces, the Upholder of the Buddhist religion, and Defender of the Faith. Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia that has never been colonized by a European power.
Thailand experienced rapid economic growth between 1985 and 1995 and today is a newly-industrialized country with an emphasis in exports and a flourishing tourism industry, thanks to various world-famous tourist destinations such as Pattaya, Bangkok, and Phuket.
Thailand is divided into 75 provinces (จังหวัด, changwat) , which are gathered into 5 groups of provinces by location. There are also 2 special governed districts: the capital Bangkok (Krung Thep Maha Nakhon) and Pattaya, of which Bangkok is at provincial level and thus often counted as a 76th province.
Each province is divided into districts and the districts are further divided into sub-districts (tambons). As of 2006 there are 877 districts (อำเภอ, amphoe) and the 50 districts of Bangkok (เขต, khet). Some parts of the provinces bordering Bangkok are also referred to as Greater Bangkok (ปริมณฑล, pari monthon). These provinces include Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Samut Prakan, Nakhon Pathom and Samut Sakhon. The name of each province's capital city (เมือง, mueang) is the same as that of the province: for example, the capital of Chiang Mai province (changwat Chiang Mai) is Mueang Chiang Mai or Chiang Mai.
Education in Thailand
Basic education in Thailand consists of six years of primary education, three years of lower secondary, and three years of upper secondary education.. Students can choose vocational tracks in upper secondary schools and sometimes also in lower secondary schools. Primary education is close to universal in Thailand. Education is compulsory up to and including Grade 9, and the government provides free education through to Grade 12.
Schools in Thailand
Structure of Thai Education System (UNESCO 2011)
Thailand enjoys a high level of literacy, and education is provided by a well organized school system of kindergartens, primary, lower secondary and upper secondary schools, numerous vocational colleges, and universities. The private sector of education is well developed and significantly contributes to the overall provision of education which the government would not be able to meet through the public establishments. The quality of education is a key policy issue, and teaching methods are moving from being heavily dependent on rote rather than on student centred methodology. Education is in major phases of expansion and development and still needs to overcome some major hurdles in order to ensure further expansion and improvement to its standards.
The establishment of reliable and coherent curricula for its primary and secondary schools has been subject to rapid changes, and schools and their teachers have not always been able to rely on a stable guidelines, and authors and publishers of textbooks have had difficulty with writing and printing new editions quickly enough to keep up with the changing situation.
The school structure is divided into four key stages: the first three years in elementary school, Prathom 1 - 3, are for age groups 6 to 8, the second level, Prathom 4 through 6 are for age groups 9 to 11, the third level, Matthayom 1 - 3, is for age groups 12 to 14. The upper secondary level of schooling consists of Matthayom 4 - 6, for age groups 15 to 17 and is divided into academic and vocational streams. There are also academic upper secondary schools, vocational upper secondary schools and comprehensive schools offering both academic and vocational tracks. Students who choose the academic stream usually intend to enter a university. Vocational schools offer programs that prepare students for employment or further studies.
Admission to an upper secondary school is through an entrance exam. On the completion of each level, students need to pass the NET (National Educational Test) to graduate. Children are required only to attend six years of elementary school and at least the first three years of high school. Those who graduate from the sixth year of high school are candidates for two decisive tests: O-NET (Ordinary National Educational Test) and A-NET (Advanced National Educational Test).
Public schools are administered by the government, and the private sector comprises schools run for profit and fee-paying non-profit schools which are often run by charitable organisations - especially by Catholic diocesan and religious orders that operate over 300 large primary/secondary schools throughout the country. Village and sub-district schools usually provide pre-school kindergarten (anuban) and elementary classes, while in the district towns, schools will serve their areas with comprehensive schools with all the classes from kindergarten to age 14, and separate secondary schools for ages 11 through 17.
Due to budgetary limitations, rural schools are generally less well equipped than the schools in the cities and the standard of instruction, particularly for the English language, is much lower, and many high school students will commute 60 - 80 kilometres to schools in the nearest city.
The school year in Thailand is divided into two semesters, and for primary and secondary schools generally begins on or around 15 May, to end in March, and from June to March for higher education. It has a two or three week break between the two terms in September. The long summer break coincides with the hottest part of the year and Songkran, the traditional Thai new year celebrations. Schools enjoy all public and Buddhist religious holidays and Christian and international schools usually close for the Christmas-New Year break.
The issue concerning university entrance has therefore also been in constant upheaval for a number of years. Nevertheless, education has seen its greatest progress in the years since 2001; most of the present generation of pupils and students are computer literate. Knowledge of English has also expanded and large investments have been made to improve the quantity of instruction with programs to recruit foreign teachers into secondary schools from the UK with the support of the British Council.
Vocational Education
The Office of the Vocational Education Commission (OVEC, formerly DOVE), of the Ministry of Education delivers technical and vocational programs for more than a million students in Thailand. In 2010, the OVEC administered 415 public colleges, 427 private vocational schools and colleges around the country (UNESCO 2011).
Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) begins at the senior high school grade where students are divided into either general or vocational education. At present, around 60 per cent of students follow the general education programmes. However, the government is endeavouring to achieve an equal balance between general and vocational education.
Three levels of TVET are offered:
- the Certificate in Vocational Education (Bor Wor Saw) which is taken during the upper secondary period;
- the Technical Diploma (Bor Wor Chor), taken after school-leaving age;
- the Higher Diploma on which admission to university for a Bachelor degree programme may be granted. Vocational education is also provided by private institutions.
E-Learning Programs in TVET:
Key Government Initiatives
- Vocational Institutes and offices in all provinces have been remodelled.
- Competency-based Vocational qualifications are being developed in key industrial groups
In Thailand nearly 2 million students were enrolled in higher education institutions in 2010, of which almost 90% were enrolled in public higher education institutions. In 2010, about 0.7 million students enrolled in TVET colleges with 0.4 million students studying in private vocational schools and colleges.
The Thai government has expressed increasing concerns regarding the mismatch between the skills imparted by the Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) system and those required by the workforce. This has been intensified in recent years with the integration of new technologies and business concepts in many spheres of professional activity. The Thai government has adopted a strategy of narrowing the gap through entrepreneurship education and adopting regular capacity building programs to foster stronger links between TVET institutions and society.
Between 2006-2010 the total number of students in Thailand in upper secondary increased, especially in the general stream. In contrast, the number of students in both public and private vocational schools declined.
This shift of students towards general secondary schools is seen to be indicative of the widely held preference for academic and general streams and a problem of reputation for vocational education in Thailand. There are signs that the numbers of vocational secondary graduates have increased as a result of more recent investment in TVET, going from 3.26 per cent in 2007 to 3.48 per cent in 2011.
Dual Vocational Training (DVT)
Essential to DVT is the active participation of the private sector. In 1995, based primarily on the German model, the Department of Vocational Education launched the initiative to introduce dual vocational training programmes which involve the students in hands-on training in suitably selected organisations in the private sector.
DVT is a regular element of the OVEC "Certificate" and "Diploma" program. The training is for a period of three years with more than half of the time devoted to practical training on-the-job, spread over two days a week, or for longer periods depending on the distance, throughout the semesters.
Two levels of DVT are offered: the three-year Certificate level for skilled workers where students and trainees are admitted at the age of 15 after completing Matthayom 3 (Grade 9); and the two-year Diploma technician level for students who have graduated with the Certificate of Vocational Education after 12 years of formal education.
In the scheme, vocational, unlike regular internships, where students may be assigned to work on unpaid irrelevant jobs, the cooperative education programme enables the students of the vocational schools to do field work while benefiting from an allowance to cover living expenses or free accommodation, and compensation for their contributions made towards the company's income and profits as temporary employees.
Schools collaborate directly with the private sector in drafting action plans and setting goals for students to meet. Generally, the company will offer permanent employment to the trainees on graduation and successful completion of the programme. Conversely, companies that recruit trainees from among young people who have completed a minimum of nine years at school may enroll their employees with a Technical or Vocational College where they are taught vocational subjects as the theoretical background to the occupational field in which they are being trained.
There are also initiatives seeking to try to leverage IT for more local priorities, counterbalancing the movement of youth to the city for higher education and employment, who risk losing their connection to their communities and with it, local practices and indigenous skills. These include telecenter and community learning centers that have expanded to more regional areas over time, which also incorporate vocational training within both formal and informal education programs.
There is diversity within the community development center initiatives, and some NGO driven schools are prioritising local context and community engagement through IT. One example is “The Bamboo School” initiated by Mechai Viravaidy, Founder of the Population and Community Development Association who has elected for an online learning model without the use of textbooks focusing on entrepreneurship, project-based learning and creative problem solving. Its emphasis on sustainable design and creativity also reflects the school’s commitment to preserving the environment. There are also more corporate social responsibility initiatives such as the Chicken Farm programme by the Charoen Pokphand Group which has developed a vocational model customised to serve local communities.
Further and Higher Education
Universities in Thailand
The established public and private universities and colleges of higher education are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of University Affairs in both the government and private sectors. These offer excellent programmes especially in the fields of Medicine, the Arts, Humanities, and Information Technology, although many students prefer to pursue studies of law and business in Western faculties abroad or in those which have created local facilities in Thailand.
During the first years of the 21st century, the number of universities increased dramatically due to a controversial move by the Thaksin government to rename many public institutes as universities.
For a full list see the directory of Thai Higher Education Institutions maintained by the Directorate of Higher Education.
In the Times Higher Education Supplement World University Rankings 2004, Chulalongkorn University was ranked 46th in the world for social sciences and 60th for biomedicine. In September 2006, three universities in Thailand were ranked "Excellent" in both academic and research areas by Commission on Higher Education. Those universities are:
In 2012 King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), one of Thailand's leading science and technology institutions and one of nine research universities in the country was the only Thai educational institution to figure among the top 400 universities overall in the world university rankings for that year.
The Thai Second Long Term Range Plan for Higher Education and Development (2007-2022) focuses on enhancing the country's competitiveness through HE and articulating the HE system with basic and vocational education. Policy initiatives seek to solve exisiting problems in HE by investing in staff development, and reforming the financing, governance and management of universities. The plan also seeks to strengthen networks between universities and sets out four groupings for universities over the 15 year span in stronger networks:
- Research Universities with Graduate Schools
- Universities with Fields of Specialisation
- Teaching Universities with Undergraduate-Level Emphasis
- Community Colleges
Along with this grouping the long range plan contains a particular focus on policies to improve the quality of HE by
selecting 9 flagship public universities to upgrade as national research universities, namely:
1) Chulalongkorn University
2) Thammasat University
3) Mahidol University
4) Kasetsart University
5) King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
6) Chiang Mai University
7) Khon Kaen University
8) Suranaree University of Technology
9) Prince of Songkla University
It also sets out the development of a Reseach Assessment Exercise for Thailand and designates 9 national Centers of Excellence for R&D to strengthen postgraduate education and research in cooperation with the industry and the private sectors. These centers are the:
1) Centre for Innovation in Chemistry
2) Centre for Toxicology, Environmental Health, and management of Toxic Chemicals
3) Centre for Environmental and Hazardous Wasted Management
4) Centre for Petroleum Petrochemicals, and Advanced Materials
5) Centre for Energy Technology and Environment
6) Centre for Agricultural Biotechnology
7) Centre for Post Harvest Technology Innovation
8) Centre for Mathematics
9) Centre for Physics
The university staff development program contains strategic fellowships for frontier research networks and provides for increased staff and student mobility. Students will have increased access to education through a student loan fund and a 15-year free education project. Information technology investments are directed to expand UniNet to build the wider Ned-Net and for the provision of Virtual Campuses. Finally, the plan contains a strategy for linking universities with industry through the creation of universiity-business incubators, technology licensing offices and through the commericalisation of research to enable technology transfer and better knowledge development in the sector.
Polytechnics in Thailand
Over half of the provinces have a government Rajabhat University, formerly Rajabhat Institute, traditionally a Teacher Training College.
Colleges in Thailand
Many of the public and private colleges, institutes and even community colleges in Thailand deliver vocational and technical courses, as well as short courses and diplomas. These vocational colleges and institutes deliver face-to-face lessons and online instruction, using e-learning and web-based tools. A large number of these have adopted Moodle as a LMS for the delivery of these courses.
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Public Colleges |
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Bunditpatanasilpa Institute |
Bangkok |
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Civil Aviation Training Center |
Bangkok |
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Phramongkutklao College of Medicine |
Bangkok |
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Police Nursing College |
Bangkok |
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Praboromarajchanok Institute |
Bangkok |
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Royal Thai Army Nursing College |
Bangkok |
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Royal Thai Navy College of Nursing |
Bangkok |
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The Royal Thai Air Force Nursing College |
Bangkok |
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Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy |
Nakhon Nayok |
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Royal Thai Navy Academy |
Samut Prakan |
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Royal Thai Air Force Academy |
Bangkok |
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Royal Police Cadet Academy |
Nakhon Pathom |
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Private Colleges |
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Bangkok Suvarnabhumi College |
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Bundit Boriharnthurakit College |
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Chalermkarnchana College |
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Chiangrai College |
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College of Asian Scholars |
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Lampang Inter-Tech College |
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Nakhonratchasima College |
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Phanomwan College |
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Phitsanulok College |
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Raffles International College |
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Saengtham College |
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Saint Louis College |
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Santapol College |
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Siam Technology College |
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Southeast Bangkok College |
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Southern College of Technology |
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St Theresa International College |
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Private Institutes |
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Arsom Silp Institute of the Arts |
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Bangkok School of Management |
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Institute of Technology Ayothaya |
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Kantana Institute |
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Learning Institute For Everyone |
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Panyapiwat Institute of Management |
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Rajapark Institute |
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Arsom Silp Institute of the Arts |
Education reform
Schools
Despite successes in increasing participation and expansion at all levels of education in Thailand educational issues of quality across all levels of education are seen to affect the competitiveness of Thai labour force. Key reform initiatives for example seek to address the quality of education in primary and secondary schools in rural areas and in tertiary institutions in urban areas.
Approximately 50 % of children are reported to have achieved Level 1 or below out of six learning levels of PISA 2009 in all three subjects, Reading, Mathematics and Science. It is believed that the main reason of poor outcomes for Thai students is due to the lack of quality educators. Attracting the highest quality individuals to the teaching field and improving teacher training are key issues. Key reform initiatives also aim to introduce a more student-centered learning approach at all levels of education.
Post-secondary
Higher education in Thailand has changed dramatically over the past four decades, reflecting the three major global trends of massification, privatization, and internationalization. In 2010 the country had a total of 150 higher education institutions and 19 community colleges with approximately 2 million students.
In the long term reform priorities reflect the needs of an ageing population supported by a declining population in the workforce and a critical need within industry for highly-skilled technical workers. According to the 15-year Long Range Plan on Higher Education (2008-2022) it is projected that demographic changes will result in a decrease of participation in higher education, shifting the main focus of higher education reform towards quality issues.
Current programmes such as the “One District, One Scholarship” in fact seek to increase the access of disadvantaged group of students to higher education. However, reform priorities also focus on the improvement of quality, performance-based funding and increasing collaboration between the universities and the private sector. This is reflected in plans to increase the ratio of vocational to general academic track at the secondary education level from the current proportion of 40:60 to 60:40 in the next 10 years so as to produce sufficient numbers of graduates from TVET with technical skills and knowledge.
Administration and finance
Schools
The Ministry of Education (MoE) has overall responsibility for the regulation of Thai education. The Thai government’s commitment to decentralization is reflected in the Local Administrative Bodies Act (Decentralization Act of 1999) which requires that 35% of the national budget be delegated to although Local Administration Organizations (LAOs) and gives local authorities the power to levy local taxes.
The MoE shares responsibilities for the regulation of the TVET sector with the Ministry of Labour (MoL), which oversees the National Skill Standards and Testing System and the evaluation of workplace learning. The Office of the Private Education Commission, (OPEC) which is part of the MoE, has administrative responsibilities in relation to private institutions of higher education, as well as the oversight of private schools
Post-secondary
Public higher education in Thailand falls under the Office of the Higher Education Commission (OHEC), which is part of the Ministry of Education (MoE). OHEC is directly responsible for the administration of all public higher education institutions, as well as overseeing the performance of private institutions.
Quality assurance, inspection and accreditation
Schools
The Office for National Education Standards and Quality Assessment (ONESQA) is responsible for assessing all Thai educational institutions, both public and private and all levels of education from pre-school to graduate education, with the aim to assist educational to improving their performance and standards.
Post-secondary
In 1999, the Ministry of Education set up a quality assurance and accreditation system covering both internal and external quality assurance in Higher Education. It has removed quality assurance from OHEC’s mandate, instead making ONESQA responsible for all external quality assurance.
Although internal quality assurance is the responsibility of each individual education institution, all institutions are required to submit to external assessment by ONESQA as part of a five-year cycle. Two previous five year cycles (2001–2005 and 2006–2010) have been completed, and the third cycle for 2011–2015 has begun. The MoE in 2003 also proposed a set of regulations for setting up internet-based programmes in universities.
Information society
Internet in Thailand
Thailand’s Second Information and Communication Technology Master Plan (2009-2013) ensures continuity within the policy framework of IT 2010 and the First ICT Master Plan by continuing to emphasize the development and application of ICT for e-Commerce, e-Industry, e-Education, e-Society and e-Government. It focuses on infrastructure and knowledge building to bridge the digital divide and to facilitate a shift towards a knowledge-based economy. Initiatives seek to promote the creation of online creative communities and a learning society, creating web portals, diverse electronic content, and social groupings that are robust. For example learning networks have been set up among educational institutions, temples, libraries and community learning centers in order to facilitate access to useful learning and information resources.
Thailand’s National Broadband Policy aims to bring 80% of Thai people to access broadband within the year 2015 and 95% within the year 2020. The current ICT 2020 policy also focuses on e-Government, broadband for SMEs, schools, e-health. disaster warning via broadband services, and energy saving and green ICT.
In terms of infrastructure progress has been made by The Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (MICT) on grid computing, next-generation Internet Protocol (IPv6) development, broadband wireless, computer security, and Web 2.0 and Web services. In 2013 mobile users in Thailand will be able to experience much faster data transfer speeds and improved access to multimedia services with the expansion of 3G mobile service deployment.
Educational internets in Thailand
SchoolNet
In the first year of its implementation in 1995, SchoolNet successfully achieved the target of getting 20 schools connected. Later on in 1999, this number gradually increased to 1,500, which was the maximum capacity of the access infrastructure in the first phase. By 2002, 4,600 schools were connected to SchoolNet.
UniNet
Thailand Education and Research Network (UniNet) initiated in 1996 linking 24 universitiies and 25 IT campuses. It became encompassed within EdNET in 2001, and was expanded to include Rajabhat Universities and polytechnics. It comprises of a 50Gbps network between higher education institutions and links to research networks such as TEIN3 and JPN2.
NEDNet
From 2010 SchoolNet merged with Ednet. In 2012 it became NEDNet, integrating UniNet with all education networks including MoE Net (primary & secondary) and VEC Net (vocational education). NEDNet also hosts the Thai Library Integrated System (ThaiLIS). This is a database conecting the central university library system, regional libraries and records, with a reference database of theses and a digital collection of e-books. Academic and government institutions are connected through networks for research in education (ThaiREN) along with the Thai Social / Scientific Academic and Research Network (ThaiSARN).
Thai Telecenters
Thai telecentres and community ICT learning centres constitute a wide informal learning network. They run information literacy projects and have expanded from 20 centers in 2007 to 2,500 Centers in 2012. The main purpose is to provide ICT skills and knowledge to marginalised groups, such as women, ethnic minorities and people living with HIV/AIDS.
Examples of organisations supporting telecentres for different objectives include the Community Information Centre (supported by Healthcare Management College, Chulalongkorn University), Thai Rural Community Development Network (supported by the Student Telecentre Organisation).
Copyright law in Thailand
Thailand is governed by civil law rather than common law, so Thai courts are not bound by a rule of precedents although precedents by high-level courts may be persuasive in subsequent cases. In Thailand intellectual property rights are protected by the granting of patents and the registration of trademarks (including service marks, collective marks and certification marks). In addition, the law protects certain types of work as defined in the Thailand Copyright Act (B.E. 2537 (1994)).
Copyright law in Thailand governs the legally enforceable rights of creative and artistic works under this act. It is generally extended for the life of author plus 50 years. When the author is a legal entity or an anonymous person, the copyright term is automatically 50 years from the date of publication; without the need for work to be registered with the Department of Intellectual Property (DIP). All disputes on copyright issues are first heard in the Intellectual Property and International Trade Court from which in some cases they may progress to the Supreme Court.
In Thailand republication of works after the expiration of the copyright term does not reset the copyright term. Copyright law also excludes news and facts, constitution, legislations, regulations, notifications as well as judicial decisions and translations. So Thai state documents are public domain, although creative works produced by or commissioned by government offices are protected by copyright.
Within the act there are a number of clauses that relate to the use of copyright materials, their adaptation or reproduction and use. For example “adaptation" is defined in different ways as a reproduction by transformation, improvement, modification or emulation of the essential part of an original work without creating a new work, whether in whole or in part;
- concerning a piece of literary work, it must include a translation, a transformation or a compilation by means of selection and arrangement;
- concerning a computer program, it must include a reproduction by means of transformation, improvement or modification of the program of the essential part without creating a new work;
- concerning a dramatic work, it must include the alteration of a non-dramatic work to a dramatic work or a dramatic work to a non-dramatic work, whether in the original language or another language;
- concerning an artistic work, it must include the alteration of a two-dimensional work or a three-dimensional work to a three-dimensional work or a two-dimensional work or the creation of a model based on the original work;
- concerning a musical work, it must include an arrangement of tunes or an alteration of lyrics or melody;
Exceptions
In contrast to a country such as Australia with stricter rulings, Thailand does not follow a specific model but adopts a flexible model of general copyright legislation ruling more on a case by case basis. Thai courts uphold broad interpretations of study and research, specifying that exceptions apply in the purpose of study and research that it does not involve commercial gain.
Thailand imports intellectual work in a range of different ways. Due to limits on academic resources in some areas, and the need to expand public libraries, sponsorships and funds for education copyright laws that are more flexible in the description of exceptions exist to protect the public interest. This approach has not in fact led to more litigation, as it appears that this is generally in favorable to the public interest and relatively few cases are brought by Thai copyright owners on the grounds that educators used their copyright materials in contrary to their ownership.
The policy trade-off in placing more weight on supporting a more flexible system may deter authors from creating new works, with greater variety and it can provide less consistency and judicial efficiency. However, Thai courts can more easily tailor the outcomes of cases to fit around changing social norms and intellectual property considerations in the future with reference particularly to the public interest.
Thai legislation adopts a broader scope of exception that applies to all copyright materials, and so is not as specific to any particular type of work. Similarly a quantitative test on reasonableness of recitation, quotation, copying, emulation or reference is not specified in legislation. So for example it avoids the use of words such as ‘fair dealing’ and ‘fair use’, and unlike for example Australian legislation does not specify an inclusive set of factors, which need to be taken into account in determining a fairness of dealing for the purposes of research and study.
Furthermore, according to Thai courts, the determination of quantity in considering exceptions also depends on whether copyrighted materials are published or unpublished. A copy of unpublished materials may for example be considered at any amount as long as it does not conflict with the economic interest of the copyright owner.
Agency
In Thailand greater weight is placed on the public interest versus the exclusive rights of the copyright holder. While other countries have denied an agent from claiming the exception of copyright, this position was taken differently by the Thai court (CIPITC) which expressed a more sympathetic view on public interest. Similarly a different onus is placed on copyright owners or their agents to provide facilities for public to obtain permission.
Acquisition of Copyright
The author is the owner of copyright in the work of authorship subject to the following conditions:
In the case of unpublished work, the author must be a Thai national or reside in Thailand or be a national of or reside in a country which is a member of the Convention for the protection of copyright of which Thailand is a member, provided that the residence must be at all time or most of the time spent on the creation of the work.
In the case of published work, the first publication must be made in Thailand or in a country which is a member of the Convention for the copyright protection of which Thailand is a member, or in the case the first publication is made outside Thailand or in a country which is not member of the Convention for the copyright protection of which Thailand is a member, if the publication of the said work is subsequently made in Thailand or in a country which is member of the Convention for the copyright protection of which Thailand is a member within thirty days as from the first publication, or the author has the qualifications as prescribed in copyright law at the time of the first publication.
Copyright belongs to the author in cases where the work was created in the course of the employment unless otherwise agreed upon by the employer and the employee. However, copyright on commissioned work belongs to the person who commissioned the work unless there is a stipulation to the contrary. Copyright is assignable and except in cases of inheritance, the assignment of the copyright must be made in writing signed by the assignor and the assignee. Where the duration of the assignment is not stated in the contract, the same is fixed for 10 years.
Infringement and enforcement
The Copyright Act provides criminal penalties for copyright infringement. The most common form of infringement is reproduction without permission from the copyright owner. Thailand has a broad “fair use” exception, however, which may allow a limited amount of unauthorized use or reproduction without constituting infringement.
The authorities increased suppression efforts of copyright infringement since the 1994 Copyright Act came into effect. This law is different from previous laws in that it covers computer programs, literary works and databases, and the rights of the performers were added among other laws to protect the copyright owners. Penalties for violators were also increased and currently music and other copyright violations are enforced in Thailand by the local police, the Economic Crime Suppression Division (ECD) and by the Department of Special Investigation (DSI).
Copyright law in Thailand also allows the injured party to negotiate a settlement with the offender out of court. Some controversy was around copyright issues has arisen particularly concerning textbooks sold overseas, during the case of Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons Inc., which went to the Supreme Court. This involved the textbook resale business of Supap Kirtsaeng, a native of Thailand who came to the United States after making legal purchases of textbooks in Thailand.
Recently the International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA) in the US has lobbied for the US government to recognise attempts by the Thai government to reverse abuse of intellectual property (IP) laws.
Thailand has passed all WTO-mandated legislation on IPR as outlined in the WTO agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS). Thailand is a signatory to the Berne Convention, but not the Paris Convention, the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), or the World Intellectual Property Organization Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT). Currently, Thailand is not yet a party to the Madrid Protocol. However, with the establishment of a specialized Central Intellectual Property and International Trade Court in 1997, Thailand has put in place a solid legal and administrative infrastructure for intellectual property rights (IPR) protection.
IP Related Multilateral Treaties and International Cooperation on IP Laws:
May 22, 2005 Optical Disc Production Act B.E. 2548 (2005) December 9, 1994 Copyright Act of B.E. 2537 (1994)
Related IP Laws:
April 30, 1979 Consumer Protection Act, B.E. 2522 (1979)
WIPO Adminstered Treaties and IP Regional Treaties:
July 17 1931 Berne Convention
December 25, 1989 WIPO Convention
(No Date) ASEAN Framework Agreement on Intellectual Property Cooperation IP related Multilateral Treaties:
January 1, 1995 Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO)
September 18, 1951 Agreement on the Importation of Educational, Scientific and Cultural Materials
January 1, 1995 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement)
February 27, 1923 Convention and Statute on Freedom of Transit
December 17, 1987 Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
August 2, 1958 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict
August 28, 2008 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
August 2, 1958 Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict
The text of the Copyright act BE 2537 (1994)can also be consulted here.
Creative Commons Thailand and ported license for Thailand
Thailand uses a specific CC license: CC-BY-NC-ND.It has an active local body administering the use of Thai Creative Commons licenses that can offer support to those seeking assistance with using this kind of license for their work. The substantive differences that apply to a ported Thai Creative Common license are detailed here.
ICT in education initiatives
Virtual initiatives in schools
Government Initatives:
Distance learning support by TV for school students
Established in 1996, DLTV currently broadcasts a total of 15 educational channels from the Wang Klaikangwon Palace School, Hua-Hin. It combines primary and secondary curriculum from grade 1 to grade 12 and also includes vocational training, community education and university education. It provides educational benefits and equal opportunities to Thai students nationwide especially in the remote and far-reaching areas of the country where the lack of teachers is still a major challenge to the educational system. It broadcasts via the Ku-band beam on the THAICOM 5 satellite to more than 17,000 schools across the country and also to other viewers who subscribe to satellite providers of commercial television. In December 2008, the Thaicom Public Company Limited, Asia's leading commercial satellite operator and the operator of the IPSTAR satellite broadband system, announced it has renewed a 10-year contract with the Distance Learning Education via Satellite Foundation of Thailand (DLF) for three-quarters of one Ku-band transponder on the Thaicom 5 satellite to broadcast DLTV channels,
The launch of the third phase of this project, the DLF eLearning network took place on 2 May 2002. It has more recently served as a model for distance learning systems in Papua New Guinea and its transmission is used in the nearby countries of Vietnam, Lao, Myanmar, Cambodia and China'.'
Model ICT schools and Lab schools
During 2005-2006 Thaksin initiated a controversial "One District, One Dream School" project, aimed at developing the quality of schools to ensure that every district has at least one high-quality school. These included "Model ICT schools", each one supervised by a university and co-operating closely with the private sector. The initiative also upgraded schools to become "dream schools", also known as "lab schools", which are intended to lead the way in radical redesigns of curriculum, learning, and teaching. The project was criticized, with some schools also falling into debt in implementing the project, receiving less than adequate financial support from the central government at that time.
Thai Teachers TV
Burapha University's Faculty of Education is the main agency tasked with preparing content for Thai Teachers TV under a project sponsored by the Office of the Higher Education Commission. Since it began in April 2010 it has expanded to a membership of 172,433 teachers in all 77 provinces, with 71 universities using Teachers TV along with 9 model universities in 9 regions. In 2012 approximately 30% of its content was developed by local teachers in Thailand while the rest was taken from the United Kingdom's Teachers TV.
One Tablet Per Child
Initiated in 2012 Thailand signed the world’s largest education tablet distribution deal globally with the Chinese firm Shenzhen Scope, aiming to provide over 1.5 milllion tablets to 6 and 12 year old students as part of an initiative to deliver one tablet per child (OTPC) in schools. These tablets are preloaded with content for the core subjects, namely science, mathematics, Thai, English and social studies. Teachers were trained and supplied with two hundred days of lesson plans for integrating the tablets into their classrooms. However, the project has been highly controversial and has run into procurement problems for two years in a row. Due to a range of factors the government may choose to direct funding to its Smart Classroom project instead. Similar test projects such as the pilot ‘Braincloud solution’ involve cloud computing and use tablet devices to access learning resources and courseware using virtual fibre technology. In this pilot project ‘Brain Tower’ stations act as servers and provide a learning management system (LMS).
Public Private Partnerships:
Smart Classrooms Project
The Smart Classrooms project began as a pilot to test the efficiency of tablet PCs with 4 different operating systems in teaching and learning at four fourth-grade pilot schools in the capital. Each Smart Classroom is supplied with 30 tablets, a smart board, servers and modern tools.The project was initiated in partnership with Microsoft who donated Windows-8-loaded Acer Iconia tablets with the Microsoft Learning Suite including Microsoft Math and Math Worksheet Generator as well as other edutainment tools like Kodu Game Lab, Microsoft AutoCollage, Window Live Movie Maker and Interactive Classroom.
Smart Schools Project
In partnership with Samsung, Assumption College (AC) provdes students with Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1, and has installed Samsung e-boards in classrooms. A learning management solution is deployed to link the devices to the e-board to enable teacher and students to interact via the system instantly. The Samsung Smart School project was first introduced to 250 students attending English programmes at Assumption College in Bangkok. More schools have joined the initative to participate at later stages under the the "Samsung Smart Learning Centre" scheme with an enlarged number of participating institutions.
SAS Curriculum Pathways Project
The SAS Curriculum Pathways platform provides online curriculum resources for middle and high school students in Science, Mathematics, Social Studies, English, and Spanish. HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn initiatiated this scheme in pilot form in 2010 to provide schools with e-learning across the country. This resulted in a partnership initative between SAS Software (Thailand), the National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), the Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology (IPST), Mahidol Wittayanusorn School and the Office of the Basic Education Commission (OBEC). In 2012 the program reached 65 schools and in 2014 it is set to reach 195 schools. The NSTDA has also prepared social network tools using Facebook and Ning.com for educators to exchange their guidelines on various subjects, exchange experiences and help each other.
Partners in Learning with Office 360
The Office of the Basic Education Commission (OBEC) and Microsoft (Thailand) Limited signed a memorandum of understanding in May of 2014 to provide 8 million students and 400,000 teachers across Thailand with access to Microsoft Office 365 for education. The agreement, which also includes the extension of the highly successful Partners in Learning initiative to 2019, represents the single biggest cloud service deployment for Microsoft in the education sector globally. Conceived in 2003, Partners in Learning is a global Microsoft program that fosters innovative use of technology in education to help students and teachers around the world maximize their potential. In Thailand, Partners in Learning has reached out to more than 164,000 teachers and 8 million students across 39,000 schools nationwide. This is proposed to enable schools and universities across Thailand to create repositories of knowledge that can be accessed and shared anywhere, any time, and on any device in a secured and trusted environment.
The project also includes access to global programs to provide young people with opportunities for education, employment and entrepreneurship through Microsoft's YouthSpark program helping students and teachers benefit from a range of academic and technical resources. These include free educational materials through the Microsoft IT Academy, various teacher and school development programs, and access to professional-class development tools and technical guidance through the Microsoft DreamSpark program. Students will also be able to benefit from tech startup support through the Microsoft BizSpark program, and opportunities to showcase their creativity and expertise in the Microsoft Imagine Cup competition.
Dell Connected Classrooms
Dell has rolled out its Connected Classroom solution in Thailand, the first Asean country to adopt it, working with the local government and 10 schools, both public and private in the pilot phase. Local curriculum content is created using a set of basic tools tested globally which allow educators to use technology to accommodate multiple learning styles, individualise lessons to fit the specific needs of each student, and regularly assess student progress. Administators can also use these tools to involve parents and the community in the education environment and to enable communication with teachers and monitor student performance and get parents involved in class projects.
OER initiatives in schools
Digital Library for Education (KIDS-D system)
KIDS-D@SWU is one of the digital libraries under the “Application of Digital Library for Education (KIDS-D system) project which aims to assist educational development by providing high quality, on-demand learning resources to school and university students and general public through the Internet. The project also promotes sharing of learning resources, knowledge and thinking between schools, universities, organizations and students.
KIDS-D (Knowledge, Imagination, Discovery and Sharing - Digital) was initiated by the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) in 2008 as the network of digital libraries for collecting and sharing digital learning resources, such as e-books, e-articles, e-documents and various forms of digital learning media, through the Internet. The AIT has invited organizations which share a similar philosophy to sign an academic agreement to promote knowledge to the public community.
The first agreement was signed between AIT, Srinakharinwirot University (SWU) and Office of the Basic Education Commission, Thailand’s Ministry of Education (OBEC) on 17 March 2008 at OBEC. The three parties agreed to jointly create KIDS-D digital library to provide learning resources for basic education to students, teachers, and interested public. Later SWU and AIT have expanded the idea of KIDS-D digital library to involve the Institute for the Promotion of Science (IPST) and the Software Industry Promotion Agency (SIPA) in order to jointly collect quality learning resources into KIDS-D digital library.
Virtual initiatives in post-secondary education
ASEAN Virtual Institute of Science and Technology (AVIST)
AVIST is a virtual learning network for continuing professional development and advanced studies in science and technology, offering opportunities for real practical experience at participating universities. It was set up in 2005 and is hosted at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) in Bangkok.
AVIST is also intended to be a virtual institute without a physical campus, based on the pilot site created in 2002. At the initial stages each ASEAN country offered some courses which are appropriate for sharing among insitutions. Steps towards joint accreditation and joint curricula are being developed. Courses are developed using VClass, an open source e-learning platform designed for delivering online courses through virtual classroom learning.
Rajamangala University (RMUTI) and Thai Telecenters Community based MOOC
Thai Telecentre.org is launching a new telecentre based massive online open course (MOOC) initiative for the marginal communities in the country. The MOOC will use the Public-Private Partnership Model for its pilot project and it will be fully supported by partners including Korat Municipality, the Faculty of Sciences and Liberal Arts at Rajamangala University (RMUTI), the Provincial Statistical Bureau and the Asia Pacific Telecentre Network. The marginalised people in Korat in Nakorn Rachasrima province will receive training courses focusing on literacy and English which will be conducted at 6-10 selected telecentres in the area.
ASEAN Community e-Classroom
The Ministry of Information and Communications Technology launched the ASEAN Community e-Classroom project in 2013, an initiative under the ASEAN ICT Master plan 2015, which aims harness the ICT skills of people with disabilities. The ASEAN Community e-Classroom is a virtual classroom featuring several ICT courses aimed at making sure that all people with disabilities whether blind, deaf or mobility impaired are equipped with the necessary ICT skills to be part of a competitive ASEAN ICT workforce.
Use of Google Apps for Education
Thailand has adopted Google Apps for Education, bringing students, teachers and personnel onto the cloud. In nine months following the official launch of Google Apps for Education in Thailand in 2012, thirteen universities joined this initiative bringing over 300,000 people from Thai HE institutions onto the Google Apps platform online.
E-Books:
Academic and Information Technology Department, Khon Kaen University (KKU), Thailand has launched an ‘e-Book Store’ app called ‘KKU Bookish’ to promote reading and a less expensive mean to access academic textbooks. The university has initiated a project called KKU Bookish to create an e-Book Store in which academic textbooks are made available for purchase in an electronic format. The e-Book Store app is available on iOS and Android enabled mobile devices.
E-learning systems used in Thai Higher Education and Government Institutions
Four main groups of LMS and CMS are used within Thai HE and Government institutions reflecting different choices of emphasis ranging from LMS systems developed in-house to widely used LMS such as Moodle.
| Type of LMS | Institution | URL |
| Moodle | Chiangmai University | http://cmuonline.cm.edu |
| Sukkothai Thammathirat University | http://moodle.stou.ac.th/ | |
| Yonok University | http://class.yonok.ac.th/ | |
| Khon Kaen University | http://learning.kku.ac.th/ | |
| Ubon Ratchathani University | http://csit.sci.ubu.ac.th/moodle/ | |
| Suranaree University of Technology | http://sutonline.sut.ac.th/ | |
| Rangsit University | http://elearning.rsu.ac.th/ | |
| Mahidol University | http://www.sc.mahidol.ac.th/e_learning/moodle.htm | |
| King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok | http://www.ssru.ac.th/kmutnb/panita/moodle/ | |
| North Bangkok College | http://e-learning2.northbkk.ac.th/nbc/ | |
| Burapha University | http://course.buu.ac.th/moodle/index.php | |
| Prince of Songkhla University | http://lms.psu.ac.th/ | |
| Thaksin University | http://tsl.tsu.ac.th/ | |
| Walailak University | http://mlearning.wu.ac.th/ | |
| ATutor | Naresuan University | http://learning.nu.ac.th/ |
| Srinakharinwirot University | http://sot.swu.ac.th/ | |
| King Mongkut’s University of Technology Ladkrabang | http://lcms.kmitl.ac.th/login.php | |
| Claroline | Thammasat University | http://e-learning.tu.ac.th/ |
| Thai LMS | Thailand Cyber University / Ministry of Education | http://www.thaicyberu.go.th/ |
| National Science and Technology Development Agency | http://www.thai2learn.com/index.php | |
| Nation Electronic and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC) | http://www.learnsquare.com/ | |
| Chulalongkorn University | http://www.chulaonline.com/ | |
| Kasetsart University | http://course.kps.ku.ac.th/course/login/ilogins.php | |
| Ramkhamhaeng University | http://eu.ram.edu/elearning/index.php | |
| Silpakorn University | http://elearning.su.ac.th/elearning/index.php | |
| Bangkok University | http://elearning.bu.ac.th/index2.html | |
| Assumption University | http://www.elearning.au.edu/ | |
| Asian Institute of Technology | http://www.vclass.net/ |
OER initiatives in post-secondary education
Distance education initiatives involving OER in post-secondary education
See the following principal initiatives engaging in e-learning in Thailand at a post-secondary level:
- Thai Open University (STOU)
- Ramkhamhaeng University (public)
- Assumption University (private).
- Chulalongkorn University (CU)
- Asian Institute of Technology (international institution)
The development of distance learning in Thailand dates back to the 1970s. The first university in Thailand to provide formal instruction by distance was Ramkamhaeng University (RU), founded in 1971. The Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University (STOU), established in 1978, was the first single-mode distance education institution. RU offers both on-campus and distance learning programs, while the STOU remains a single mode distance education (DE) institution.
Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University (STOU)
STOU was also the first open university in Southeast Asia to use a distance teaching/learning system. It has led Thailand's initiaitves to promote the principles of lifelong learning and open education establishing a distance education system which employs correspondence media, radio broadcasts, television, and other methods that enable students to study on their own without having to enter an actual classroom.
Across the country STOU provides study programs through 12 schools, at 5 different levels: certificate, bachelor’s degree, graduate diploma, master’s degree, and at the doctoral degree. STOU also offers continuing education to the general public in the form of non-degree programs including short training courses, certificates of achievement, and the dissemination of knowledge and information by mass media.
There are three levels of service for STOU students: central, regional, and provincial. Central services are provided at the main library. Regional services are provided to students and the public at its 12 distance education centres, of which 2 are dedicated to graduate level educational resources. Provincial services are offered to STOU students at 81 different outlets called STOU corners offered through public libraries.
The development of OER is one of the goals of an open source university and it is estimated that OER comprise between 1-20% of resources in its courses. STOU-OER is available at the STOU Online Portal, however STOU has principally developed a wide range of print based materials and computer resources available through its learning management system (LMS) on-line along with CD ROM's for distance education. It provides access to OER also through a number of different OER gateways such as OpenLearn, MIT OpenCourseWare and the OpenCourseWare Consortium. STOU in the future seeks to increase the interaction between lecturers and students through online media. Recent developments include the launch of the STOU Channel, the university’s own satellite TV channel as well as the adoption of Moodle as its principal LMS and the use of online testing in some bachelor’s-level courses and a growing focus on m-learning.
Ramkamhaeng University (RU)
Ramkamhaeng university offers 145 programs from foundation to doctoral level through its ten faculties. Mass Communication Technology, Political Science, Science,.Business Administration, Economics, Education, Engineering, Health Science, Humanities and Law. RU delivers its courses through a range of instructional approaches, including print-based teaching material, two-way satellite-based video-conferencing, radio and TV programs and e-learning.
RU has two Bangkok campuses and 22 regional campuses through which it provides short-courses and bachelor and masters level special programs across Thailand. The annual enrolment at RU is about 430,000, consisting of nearly 400,000 undergraduate and 35,000 graduate students
Although printed-based materials remain the primary medium of distance education delivery at the two open universities in Thailand generally the increasing interest in the use of e-learning, m-learning and OER is widely reflected in the number of conferences and policy meetings in recent years. The wide uptake of e-learning can also be noted in a number of smaller institutions who have also begun to offer online courses using a range of LMS and content management systems (CMS).
In 2005 Ramkhamhaeng University joined DTAC to create a mobile learning initative called RU Cyberclass room. The project provides university students and general public opportunity to learn via mobile phones. With DTAC's smart wireless network, students at every level can study university subjects, anytime and throughout the semester via mobile devices.
Open Courseware OER
Thailand Cyber University (TCU) consortium
The TCU government initiative seeks to encourage the sharing of educational resources within the Thai university sector under the Commission on Higher Education. Its mission includes expanding access, establishing a knowledge center to encourage life-long learning, improving and developing the quality of higher education, creating knowledge management and the sharing of educational resources among educational institutions efficiently and effectively.
The project acts as a body to initiate, cooperate, and support e-Learning management in higher educational institutes in order to create high quality standards for e-learning and shareable courseware to develop a national infrastructure for the delivery of blended and distance learning. Thailand Cyber University has successfully delivered a range of certificate level online courses in subjects related to the development of online courseware. Currently formal education, informal courses and study guides as well as short certificated courses are available. It hosted the 4th Asia Regional OpenCourseWare and Open Education Conference (AROOC) in January 2013.
The Thailand Cyber University has around 111,790 students and 4,090 teachers and has developed 166 separate lessons within 17 curriculum pathways. At present the Thailand Cyber University Open Courseware site contains two courses available in OCW format: Accessible Courseware Development and e-Learning Thai Language.
Chulalongkorn University (CU)
The Faculty of Engineering at Chulalongkorn University is a partner of Thailand Cyber University and is tasked with the responsibility to produce e-learning materials for the Software Development Degree Program, which is a 100% distance learning program. It also hosts Chula Open Courseware (OCW) which is a twin project of MIT OCW. In addition to translating MIT materials and distributing them online, the Faculty of Engineering develops class materials and provides them free-of-charge on the web through Chula OCW.
Chulalongkorn University also is part of a wider distance learning network in conjunction with the World Bank Global Distance Learning Network (GDLN). CU-GDLN was established as part of the Center of Academic Resources network (CARNET) at CU.
Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)
The Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) is an international institution for higher education based in Bangkok that specializes in engineering, advanced technologies, and management and planning. Its aim is to promote technological change and sustainable development in the Asia-Pacific region, through higher education, research and outreach. It was founded in 1959 as the SEATO Graduate School of Engineering with a mission to develop highly qualified and committed professionals who will play a leading role in the sustainable development of the region and its integration into the global economy. It has received funding from organizations and governments around the world and initially from SEATO members. In 2013 it joined the Asian Cyber University (ACU) project, which is based in Korea and links universities across ASEAN. The project contributes to reinforcing higher education in the ASEAN region by the means of e-learning, and strengthening international relationships between ASEAN Member States. ACU operates an interdependent Learning Contents Management System (LCMS) and a Learning Management System (LMS) based on each member institutes’ academic calendar and offers online e-learning courses in ACU major areas and special areas.
Lessons learnt
References
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[1] Kunakornpaiboonsiri, T. (2013). Thai University Deploys Google Apps For Education Retrieved 03/03/2013, from http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/2013/feb/20/thai-university-deploys-google-apps-education/
[2] Kunakornpaiboonsiri, T. (2013). Thai School Introduces Smart Classrooms Retrieved 03/03/201, from http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/2013/feb/27/thai-school-introduces-smart-classrooms/
For OER policies and projects in Thailand see Thailand/OER