South Africa

Partners situated in South Africa

None. On the International Advisory Committee we have Herman J. van der Merwe.

South Africa in a nutshell

Map of South Africa

The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. South Africa's coast borders both the Atlantic and Indian oceans. To the north of South Africa lie Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland, while the Kingdom of Lesotho is an independent enclave surrounded by South African territory.

South Africa is known for its diversity, and eleven official languages are recognised in its constitution.[6] English is the most commonly spoken language in official and commercial public life, however it is only the fifth most spoken home language.

South Africa is ethnically diverse, with the largest Caucasian, Indian, and racially mixed communities in Africa. Although 79.6% of South Africa's population is Black, this category is neither culturally nor linguistically homogenous, as they speak a number of different Bantu languages, nine of which have official status.

Midyear 2007, South Africa's population was estimated at 47.9 million. This makes it quite large compared with the typical European country.

(Above section adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa)

Apartheid

It is important to mention the historical battle of South Africa regarding Apartheid, a government-enforced system of racial segregation, which had an immense limiting impact on the everyday life, living areas, job opportunities and education of blacks in South Africa. The Apartheid lasted from 1948 to 1994, after which the educational system was revised to improve racial diversity in education.

Document of relevance: Wikipedia entry on Apartheid

South Africa education policy

• The Bill of Rights, contained in the Constitution, 1996, stipulates that everyone has the right to a basic education, including adult basic education and further education, which the State, through reasonable measures, must progressively make available and accessible.

• Formal education in South Africa is categorised according to three levels – General Education and Training (GET), Further Education and Training (FET) and Higher Education (HE).

• By mid-2007, the South African public-education system had 12,3 million learners, 387 000 educators, 26 592 schools, 2 278 Abet centres, 50 public FET institutions, 4 800 Early Childhood Development (ECD) centres and 23 HE institutions.

Source: South African Government Information - Education Policy (web page)

The government puts its focus on equity, quality of teaching and learning and literacy. As the Department of Education states on its site: "Our vision is of a South Africa in which all our people have access to lifelong education and training opportunities, which will in turn contribute towards improving the quality of life and building a peaceful, prosperous and democratic society. " and part of its mission is "Creating a vibrant further education and training system to equip youth and adults to meet the social and economic needs of the 21st century."

South Africa education system

The Constitution has vested substantial power in the provincial legislatures and governments to run educational affairs (other than universities and universities of technology), subject to a national policy framework. The national Department of Education is responsible for formulating policy, setting norms and standards, and monitoring and evaluating all levels of education. It also funds HE institutions through subsidies and by providing financial support to students through the National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS).

Source: South African Government Information - National and Provincial Departments Formal education in South Africa is categorised according to three levels – General Education and Training (GET), Further Education and Training (FET) and Higher Education (HE).

The GET band consists of the Reception Year (Grade R) and learners up to Grade 9, as well as an equivalent Adult Basic Education and Training (Abet) qualification. The FET band consists of grades 10 to 12 in schools and all education and training from the National Qualifications Framework (NQF) levels 2 to 4 (equivalent to grades 10 to 12 in schools), and the N1 to N6 in FET colleges. The HE band consists of a range of degrees, diplomas and certificates up to and including postdoctoral degrees.

The final exams of high school, are administered by the government and are called "matric exams", so students in the final year of high school (grade 12) are known as "matrics" and if they pass these exams they are called matriculants or it's said that they "matriculated".

Sources:

• South African Government Information - Introduction (web page)

• Matriculation in South Africa (Wikipedia page)

Higher education

The Wikipedia List of universities in South Africa is informative at a general level as well as for details. It also provides comprehensive listings of the many other providers both domestic and foreign.

In 2004 South Africa started reforming its higher education system, merging and incorporating small universities into larger institutions, and renaming all higher education institutions "university" (previously there had been several types of higher education institution).

More information under the section on Higher education reform

There are also a large number of other educational institutions in South Africa - some are local campuses of foreign universities, some conduct classes for students who write their exams at the distance-education University of South Africa and some offer unaccredited or non-accredited diplomas.

Public universities in South Africa are divided into three types: traditional universities, which offer theoretically-oriented university degrees; universities of technology, which offer practically-oriented diplomas and degrees in technical fields; and comprehensive universities, which offer a combination of both types of qualification.

Universities in South Africa

In this section we discuss the traditional universities and the comprehensive universities only.

Traditional universities

There are 11 of these:

1. University of Cape Town (UCT), (Cape Town)
2. University of Fort Hare (UFH), (Alice), (East London)
3. University of the Free State (UOVS), (Bloemfontein)
4. University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), (Durban, Pietermaritzburg, Pinetown, Westville)
5. University of Limpopo, (Polokwane, Ga-Rankuwa)
6. North-West University (NWU), (Mafikeng, Mankwe, Potchefstroom, Vanderbijlpark)
7. University of Pretoria (UP), (Pretoria)
8. Rhodes University (RU), (Grahamstown)
9. University of Stellenbosch (SUN), (Stellenbosch)
10. University of the Western Cape (UWC), (Cape Town)
11. University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), (Johannesburg)

Comprehensive universities

There are 5 of these:

1. University of Johannesburg (UJ), (Johannesburg)
2. Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU), (Port Elizabeth)
3. University of South Africa (UNISA), (Pretoria - Distance Education)
4. University of Venda (Univen), (Thohoyandou)
5. Walter Sisulu University for Technology and Science (WSU), (Buffalo City, Butterworth, Mthatha, Queenstown)
6. University of Zululand (Unizulu), (Empangeni)

Polytechnics in South Africa

There are 6 universities of technology (older term was Technikon)

1. Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT), (Bellville, Cape Town)
2. Central University of Technology (CUT), (Bloemfontein, Welkom)
3. Durban University of Technology (DUT), (Durban, Pietermaritzburg)
4. Mangosuthu Technikon (MANTEC), (Durban)
5. Tshwane University of Technology (TUT) (Pretoria)
6. Vaal University of Technology (VUT), (Vanderbijlpark)

Other providers

Notable provider: CIDA Foundation UK is a university that enables previously disadvantaged learners from taking up Higher Education. It depends on funding and sponsoring from companies and individuals and demands from its students that they go to their own communities and educate their peers. [..] The students to fully appreciate their education they all contribute financially towards tuition: £31 in total for year one, and £13 per month in years two to four. This is 6% of the cost of attending other universities in South Africa. [..] Students also help to run the campus by dedicating a minimum of five hours of their time each week. At the end of the course, rather than paying back a loan, students are encouraged to "pay it forward" by committing to funding another student from their hometown after they graduate and become employed.

Source: CIDA - About Us - Fees (web page)

Higher education reform

Other reforms

The New Institutional Landscape

History

In 2004 South Africa started reforming its higher education system, merging and incorporating small universities into larger institutions, and renaming all higher education institutions "university" (previously there had been several types of higher education institution). The country's universities and technikons which were incorporated with others and thus no longer exist are listed at the end of the Wikipedia article List of universities in South Africa.

This major change started in 2001, for which the scenarios for each HE institution was stipulated in the following publication from which this quote is taken:

"[..] the apartheid legacy continues to burden the higher education system, which not only remains fragmented on race lines, but has been unable to rise fully to meet the challenges of reconstruction and development. The new institutional landscape proposed in this report, which has been approved by Cabinet, provides the foundation for establishing a higher education system that is consistent with the vision, values and principles of non-racial, non-sexist and democratic society and which is responsive and contributes to the human resource and knowledge needs of South Africa. [...] The new institutional landscape proposed is the culmination of a wide-ranging consultative process on the restructuring of the higher education system that began in the early 1990s."

Source: Transformation and Restructuring: A New Institutional Landscape for Higher Education, Ministry of Education, 2002 (PDF - 40 pages)

Results

The Ministry’s proposals would result in 23 higher education institutions and two National Institutes for Higher Education (outlined in Appendix 1), consisting of 11 Universities, 6 Technikons, 4 Comprehensive Institutions and 2 National Institutes for Higher Education.

Source: Transformation and Restructuring: A New Institutional Landscape for Higher Education, Ministry of Education, 2002 (PDF - 40 pages).

This no doubtingly was a meticulous merge for the affected institutes as the *Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) carefully states on her site about its own merge: “This union of three very different institutions came about as a result of government’s countrywide restructuring of higher education – intended to deliver a more equitable and efficient system to meet the needs of South Africa in the 21st century.”

Source: NMMU's History web page

The Further Education & Training (FET) institutions were affected by this restructuring as well as they were reduced from 152 to 50 institutions.

Source: South African Government - Information about Education:

Documents of relevance:

• Education Reform in Post-Apartheid South Africa, a video in which Helen Ladd and Edward Fiske speak about their book from 2004, Elusive Equity: Education Reform in Post-Apartheid South Africa, ISBN-13: 978-0815728405, 269 pages.

• 41st TB Davie Memorial Lecture Accounting for Autonomy: How Higher Education lost its Innocence by Jonathan D. Jansen, Dean of Education: University of Pretoria, 2004 (PDF - 11 pages) on the relation between the state and the Higher Education institutes and how autonomy in the South Africa Higher Education changed.

• Case studies on dealing with "pipeline students" within their respective institutions, Council of Higher Education (CHE), 2007. In 2005, the HEQC requested a number of people from different merger contexts to produce case studies on dealing with so-called "pipeline students" within their respective institutions.

Administration and finance

Government funding to institutions

"South Africa has one of the highest rates of government investment in education in the world. Education was allocated R105,5 billion in 2007/08."

Source: South African Government Information - “About Education” web page

Government bursaries for students

"In 2007/08, government allocated R1,8 billion to FET colleges. Over 25 000 students registered in newly developed technical and service skills-related programmes. Some R600 million was provided for bursaries to FET college students."

The National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS) is responsible for, among other matters, allocating loans and bursaries to eligible students in public HE.

Source: South African Government Information - “About Education” web page

Quality assurance

The South African Council on Higher Education (CHE) is an independent statutory body responsible for advising the Minister of Education on all matters related to higher education policy issues, and for quality assurance in higher education and training. Its statutory responsibility for the promotion and assurance of quality in higher education is carried out by one permanent sub-committee, the Higher Education Quality Committee (HEQC).

The Higher Education Act of 1997 (reference: Higher Education Act 101 of 1997) states that the functions of the HEQC are to:

• promote quality in higher education
• audit the quality assurance mechanisms of higher education institutions
• accredit programmes of higher education

The HEQC is responsible for evaluating and reporting on the effectiveness of the quality management systems of higher education institutions in relation to assessment, short courses, certification arrangements, and recognition of prior learning (RPL).

Documents / web pages of relevance:

• “Higher Education Monitor: A Case for Improving Teaching and Learning in South African Higher Education” by Ian Scott, Nan Yeld, Jane Hendry, 2007
• Review of Higher Education in South Africa (selected themes), 2007
• “The South African Council for Educators (SACE) aims to enhance the status of the teaching profession, and to promote the development of educators and their professional conduct.”

South African HEIs in the information society

Towards the information society

Documents of relevance:

• A Bibliography of ICT Applications in Education in Africa on WikiEducator.org

South African Virtual Initiatives in Higher Education

Umbrella institutions

• The South African Institute for Distance Education
• National Association of Distance Education Organisations of South Africa

SAKAI Project

Several South African Universities or Colleges participate in an international initiative to develop the open source collaboration and learning environment “Sakai”:

• University of Cape Town, status: production
• North-West University, status: production
• Gert Sibande FET College, status: pilot
• Midrand Graduate Institute, status: pilot
• University of South Africa (UNISA), status: production

Documents of relevance

• “SOUTH AFRICA: Universities not far behind the curve”, Karen MacGregor, 10 August 2008
• http://che.ac.za/documents/d000070/ “Enhancing the contribution of Distance Higher Education in South Africa”, a Report of an investigation led by the South African Institute for Distance Education, 2004,
• “Policy Advice Report: Advice to the Minister of Education on Aspects of Distance Education Provision in South African Higher Education”, 2004
• wiki page Distance Education/Open Learning on WikiEducator.org

List of eLearning Initiatives / Programmes

This list also includes Virtual Programmes with limited contact hours.

• University of Cape Town (UCT), South Africa's oldest university, enables e-learning through the online learning environment Vula and LearnOnline Self-training Courses. Vula means Open! and is a local name for SAKAI, an international open-source Learning Management System. Vula offers learning materials, to download these for printing, to participate in asynchronous bulletin board discussions, synchronous chat groups, and to do exercises and online tests from time to time. One of the flexible courses UCT offers is the Postgraduate Diploma in Occupational Health

• The University of Fort Hare is a small university (approximately 5000 students) but an innovating University, which even has an SMS system to get your results or fee balance.

Together with the Eastern Cape Department of Education it created The Fort Hare Distance Education Project, a project to educate teachers in rural classrooms.

Resources:

• “Creating A Relationship: A Discourse Analysis Focusing on the Construction of Identities and Relationships in Distance Education Materials for a Teacher Upgrade Programme”, A Rhodes University’s Thesis in 2004 by Caroline van der Mescht (PDF, 145 pages)
• Digital Education Enhancement Project (DEEP)

• The University of the Free State has a Division e-Learning: “At the UFS e-learning includes online courses, learning objects, blended learning, (which combines online resources with face-to-face interactions), performance support, knowledge management, self-assessment, communities of practice (online educational communities) and other online resources that encourage learners to assess, improve, or change their knowledge or clinical performance.” Among these things the site also lists a few resources for the educators and e-learning module makers.

• University of KwaZulu-Natal is the result of the merge between the University of Durban-Westville and the University of Natal. It offers Distance Learning Honours in Accounting Programme in 2009 according to “Accounting Distance Learning”

• The Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU): 2 Masters programmes, The Masters programme of the Department for Development Studies and the Masters Degree in Taxation are offered on a mixed mode basis of block contact sessions in combination with distance learning. The web page on the first semi-distance programme states that once per semester, students meet for two to three weeks of intensive tuition after which three months of self-study follow.

• North-West University (NWU) is the result of a merge between University of North-West and the Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education. In 2008, the NWU is the sixth largest university in the country, with approximately 52 000 students enrolled at all three campuses. Some 24 000 of these students are distance learning students.

• The University of Pretoria has its own full-fledged client services centre for its students and lists its distance possibilities in this document: Distance Education 2008. Students can receive an Advanced Certificate in Education (ACE) with specialisation in Education Management or Special Needs Education and a Degree in BEd(Hons) Education Management, Law and Policy.

• Rhodes University offers a few certificates through semi-distance education (four five-day blocks of contact time per year).

• The former University of South Africa (UNISA) merged with Technikon Southern Africa and incorporated the distance education component of Vista University (VUDEC) to form the new UNISA. UNISA calls itself Africa’s leading Open Distance Learning institution with more than 223 000 students in 2006 and approximately 6 900 different courses. As it states on the web page “Spanning the age spectrum”, UNISA focuses on adults as lifelong learning, but 285 of total registrations in the 2005 academic year were students aged 24 or younger. MyUNISA is its portal for student services, and SAKAI is its learning management system.

• Tshwane University of Technology (TUT) was formed by a merger of Technikon Pretoria, Technikon Northern Gauteng and Technikon North West. Courses Part 9 - Distance Education - Prospectus 2008 - ISSN 0258-7343. TUT enrols approximately 60 000 students

References

1. Wikipedia page on South Africa
2. South African Government - Information about Education
3. Department of Education, Republic of South Africa
4. Transformation and Restructuring: A New Institutional Landscape for Higher Education, Ministry of Education, 2002 (PDF - 40 pages)
5. Council for Higher Education
6. SouthAfrica.info - South Africa's universities web page
7. Higher Education South Africa (HESA)
8. South Africa & the Organisation for Economic Co-operation & Development (OECD)
9. Thutong is an educational portal, coordinated by the National Department of Education, which offers support materials and learning spaces for learners.
10. Education in South Africa (wikipedia page)

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