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Partners situated in Belgium:

Note: One of the universities in Belgium is K.U.Leuven.

Belgium in a nutshell

Source: Original gif on: the CIA's "The World Factbook" / Belgium

The Kingdom of Belgium is a country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters, as well as those of other major international organizations, including NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 km2 (11,787 square miles) and has a population of about 10.5 million. Belgium is a federal state in Europe with a constitutional monarchy, founded in 1830, and its capital is Brussels.

The citizens of Belgium are called Belgians. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home for two main linguistic groups, the Dutch speakers/Flemings and the French speakers, mostly Walloons, plus a small group of German speakers. Belgium's two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north, with 59% of the population, and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia with 31% of the population. The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region and near the Walloon Region, and has 10% of the population. A small German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political and cultural conflicts are reflected in the political history and a complex system of government.

This Belgium page is a merger of the information found on the Flanders and Wallonia pages, but you can still visit those separate pages for your convenience.


History

The name 'Belgium' is derived from Gallia Belgica, a Roman province in the northernmost part of Gaul that was inhabited by the Belgae, a mix of Celtic and Germanic peoples. Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg were known as the Low Countries, which used to cover a somewhat larger area than the current Benelux group of states. From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century, it was a prosperous centre of commerce and culture. From the 16th century until the Belgian revolution in 1830, many battles between European powers were fought in the area of Belgium, causing it to be dubbed "the battlefield of Europe" and "the cockpit of Europe" - a reputation strengthened by both World Wars. Upon its independence, Belgium eagerly participated in the Industrial Revolution. Its King privately possessed the "Congo Free State" in Southern Africa until it was later annexed by the Kingdom of Belgium as the Belgian Congo" until it became independent as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The second half of the 20th century was marked by the rise of communal conflicts between the Flemings and the Francophones fuelled by cultural differences on the one hand and an asymmetrical economic evolution of Flanders and Wallonia on the other hand. These still-active conflicts have caused far-reaching reforms of the unitary Belgian state into a federal state. There is constant speculation by observers that this process of devolution might lead to the partition of the country.

Source: Wikipedia's page on Belgium


State Reforms: cultural and language-based

In the second half of the 19th century a language conflict surfaced, seeking recognition for the Dutch language (or Flemish as it is called in Belgium) as a fully-fledged language alongside French, which until then had been the only official language of Belgium. The language conflict in the sixties led to a series of state reforms and amendments to the constitution resulting in a double federation of regions and communities. Dutch became an official legal language in Belgium in 1959. In 1962 the final language boundary was territorially defined and in 1963 Belgium was divided into 4 language regions. A lot of language-based separations happened as with the unified broadcasting institution (1960), the ministerial portfolio for Culture (1962), the ministerial portfolio of National Education (1968).


  1. The 1st state reform (1970) created 3 cultural communities in response to the Flemish pursuit of cultural autonomy. At the same time the foundations for the 3 regions were laid, in response to the French-speakers’ pursuit of economic autonomy.
  2. The 2nd state reform (1980) extended the cultural communities to 3 communities (the Flemish, the French and the German-speaking Community), which – aside from cultural matters – were also given control of person-related matters, such as health and social security. These communities each had a council (their parliament) and a government. At the same time, two regions were established: the Flemish Region and the Walloon Region and these also got their own council and government. In Flanders the institutions of the Community and the Region immediately merged into one council and one government. The French–speaking community did not consolidate the institutions of the French-speaking Community and the Walloon Region.
  3. The 3rd state reform (1988) shaped the Brussels Capital Region, which also got its own council and government, and further expanded the powers of the Communities and Regions. Responsibility for education was transferred to the Communities and entered in the Constitution (art. 127 § 1.2). 127 § 1.2). Moreover, the guarantees which had previously been laid down in the so-called Schools Pact Act of 29 May 1959 (art. 24) were also recorded in the Constitution on this occasion. Article 142 of the revised Constitution (17 February 1994) entitles every citizen to lodge an appeal with a Constitutional Court if he is of the opinion that the principles and guarantees provided in, among others, article 24 of the Constitution on Education are being violated.
  4. The 4th state reform (1993) turned Belgium into a full federal state. The former bilingual province of Brabant was divided into two provinces: Vlaams-Brabant (Dutch-speaking) and Waals Brabant (French-speaking). Brussels, the capital of Belgium and, in geographical terms, the centre of the former province of Brabant, did from then on no longer form part of a province. Its special status as a bilingual region was thus reinforced.
  5. The 5th state reform (the so-called Lambermont agreements) (2001) gave the different federal states both more financial resources and more powers.


Source: The Education System in the Flemish Community of Belgium (PDF - EN - 5 pages), 2006/07


Regions and Communities

Belgium is a double federation of:

Source: Original png on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Belgium_provinces_regions_striped.png
  • 3 Communities which are responsible for the person-related issues such as education, welfare, public health and culture:




Note: In Flanders the institutions of the Community and the Region immediately merged into one council and one government. The French–speaking community did not consolidate the institutions of the French-speaking Community and the Walloon Region.

Source: The Education System in the Flemish Community of Belgium (PDF - EN - 5 pages), 2006/07


Belgium has 10 provinces:

In Flanders you have West-Flanders / West-Vlaanderen, East-Flanders / Oost-Vlaanderen, Flemish Brabant / Vlaams-Brabant, Antwerp / Antwerpen and Limburg. In Wallonia you have Hainaut, Brabant wallon, Liège, Namur and Luxembourg. The most important or most frequent optional responsibilities of these provinces are education (the provinces organise educational institutions, secondary or higher), culture, social welfare, heritage sites and assets, etc.



Education policy in Belgium

The Belgian Constitution stipulates that everyone has the right to education and therefore established compulsory education. Belgium also provides that access to education is free of charge up to the end of secondary education. Article 24 of the Belgian Constitution lays down the educational principle such as the right on education:

§ 1. Education is free; any preventive measure is forbidden; the punishment of offences is regulated only by the law or federate law.
The community offers free choice to parents.
The community organises non-denominational education. This implies in particular the respect of the philosophical, ideological or religious beliefs of parents and pupils. Schools run by the public authorities offer, until the end of compulsory education, the choice between the teaching of one of the recognised religions and non-denominational ethics teaching.
§ 2. If a community, in its capacity as an organising authority, wishes to delegate powers to one or several autonomous bodies, it can only do so by federate law adopted by a two-thirds majority of the votes cast.
§ 3. Everyone has the right to education with the respect of fundamental rights and freedoms. Access to education is free until the end of compulsory education. All pupils of school age have the right to moral or religious education at the community’s expense.
§ 4. All pupils or students, parents, teaching staff or institutions are equal before the law or federate law. The law and federate law take into account objective differences, in particular the characteristics of each organising authority that warrant appropriate treatment.
§ 5. The organisation, the recognition and the subsidising of education by the community are regulated by the law or federate law.
Source: the Belgian Constitution (EN - PDF - 60 pages), 2009, - Article 24, p. 11

As a result of the constitutional reform in Belgium the Dutch-speaking and the French-speaking higher education systems were separated. The Parliaments of the Flemish and French Communities regulate, by federate law, education, with the exception of the setting of the beginning and of the end of compulsory education, minimum standards for the granting of diplomas, the pension scheme (according to Article 127, p. 37). And they regulate by federate law, the use of languages for education in the establishments created, subsidised or recognised by the public authorities (according to Article 129, p. 38). This is the same for the Parliament of the German-speaking Community (according to Article 130, p. 38).

Source: the Belgian Constitution (EN - PDF - 60 pages), 2009: Article 127, p. 37 and Article 129 and Article 130, p. 38

The use of languages in education in Belgium was stipulated in The law of 30 July 1963 (PDF):

"The language of education is Dutch in the Dutch-speaking language area, French in the the French-speaking language area and German in the German-speaking language area, in the district of Bruxelles-Capital, the language of education is French or Dutch according to the choice of the head of the family if he/she resides in this district."
Source: The law of 30 July 1963 (PDF)


Objectives of Education

The primary and secondary education missions were stipulated in the Decree of 24 July 2997 (FR).

The Higher Education Acts in Belgium states that the three main tasks of higher education are: cooperation with society; education and research.

Source: “The organisation of the academic year in higher education - 2008/09”. Chapter 2: Structures of Higher Education Governance ([1] – EN)

Public versus Private

Two groups organise the educational structure: the public sector (the communes, provinces and communities) and the private sector. In the public sector there are 3 educational networks:

  • community schools: neutral on religious, philosophical or ideological convictions
  • subsidised publicly run schools: organized by communes and provinces
  • subsidised privately run schools: denominational schools and schools which are not affiliated to a particular religion: the Freinet schools, Montessori schools or Steiner schools, which adopt particular educational methods and are also known as ‘method schools’.


Education that is organised for and by the government (community education and municipal and provincial education) is known as publicly run education. Recognised education organised on private initiative is called privately run education.


Education policy in Flanders

As a result of the constitutional reform in Belgium the Dutch speaking and the French-speaking higher education systems were separated. The Flemish government wanted to do things ‘differently and better’. This led to a new higher education legislation in the early 1990s and to a policy based on the principles of deregulation, autonomy and accountability.

The Flemish government wanted to treat all institutions on an equal basis. In general, there are two types of institutions: universities and university colleges or "hogescholen". New legislation made the former state universities autonomous and gave them almost the same responsibility as the ‘free’ universities. In terms of deregulation, autonomy and accountability the same principles were introduced for the hogescholen. This led in conjunction with the merger operation in 1995 to a fundamental change in the relationship between the government and the hogescholen. Former centralised and detailed regulations were replaced by a management regime aimed at achieving a balanced combination of broad autonomy and responsibility for the hogescholen. The higher education regulations as a whole – universities and hogescholen – became more integrated. The previous government wanted to bring the decree on universities (1991) and the decree on the hogescholen (1994) into line with each other without affecting the nature of the university and college education. This integration process has been stimulated even more by the 2003 legislation on the restructuring of higher education in order to implement the Bologna Process.

In terms of policy preparation the following organisations play an important role in Flanders:

  • The Flemish Education Council (Vlaamse Onderwijsraad - VLOR) was founded in 1991. It is the advisory and consultative body for all educational matters. All draft decrees in the field of education must be submitted to the VLOR. Furthermore, the VLOR can give advice to the Flemish government on its own initiative. The VLOR consists of a general council and separate councils for primary, secondary, higher and adult education. The general council is composed of representatives of the organising bodies, school staff, parents and socio-economic organisations, university experts and Education Department representatives.
  • The Flemish Socio-Economic Council (Sociaal-Economische Raad van Vlaanderen - SERV), composed of representatives of employers and employees, gives advice on all draft decrees, including those in the field of education. The SERV plays an important role in the relationship between education and the world of work.
  • The Flemish Interuniversity Council (Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad - VLIR) is an autonomous body of public utility with its own corporate status. It acts as a defender of the universities and as an advisor to the Flemish government on university issues (consultation, advice and recommendations).
  • A similar body has been established for the institutions of non-university higher education - the Flemish Council for hogescholen ([VLHORA). It was founded during the academic year 1996-1997 and represents the hogescholen. The Council gives advice and makes proposals to the Flemish government with regard to the education in the hogescholen. At the same time it can provide consultation among the hogescholen
  • The National Union of Students in Flanders (VVS) is the umbrella organisation of student unions at Flemish universities and hogescholen. The National Union of Students in Flanders gives advice at the request of the Flemish government.

Education policy in Wallonia

HEIs in only a few countries are not officially required to develop a strategic plan:

  • The decree defining higher education in the French Community of Belgium provides the higher education objectives and the mission of the institutions.
  • In the German-speaking Community of Belgium, the mission and strategic priorities of the Autonome Hochschule were not established by the institution, but by official decree in 2005.
  • The HEIs in the Flemish Community of Belgium are free to draft long-term strategic or development plans and they are free to take the governmental priorities into account or not, as they decide.


Source: “The organisation of the academic year in higher education - 2008/09”. Chapter 2: Structures of Higher Education Governance ([2] – EN)


In the French Community you have the following relevant organisations and sites:


Advocacy groups and Councils:


Source: Studying: The European dimension, Studying – Belgium and Education ... at the University – Belgium (PDF), European Youth Portal

Education system in Belgium

Article 24 of the Belgian Constitution (p. 11/60 - EN - PDF lays down the principle of the freedom of education and provides for the existence of state-organized teaching. Within this constitutional framework, two networks of institutions of higher education have developed extensively:

  • Public institutions set up by the state and administered by the (linguistic) communities, or by the provincial or municipal authorities.
  • Private institutions of which the majority is denominational (such as Roman Catholic) and which receive financial aid from the state, subject to certain conditions. The minority is not affiliated to a particular religion: the Freinet schools, Montessori schools or Steiner schools, which adopt particular educational methods and are also known as ‘method schools’.


Such as referenced in Article 24, "Access to education is free until the end of compulsory education". In Belgium, both primary and secondary education is obligatory.

Level Age Year Compulsory stages and cycles Additional information
2
Kindergarten/Nursery/pre-primary / maternel (FR) or kleuteronderwijs (NL) 3 1 stage 1, 1st cycle children that are 2 years and 6 months on 30 September can enter Kindergarten
4 2
5 3
Primary education / primaire (FR) or basisschool/lagere school (NL) 6 1 c stage 1, 2nd cycle Note': in the French Community, the schools where Kindergarten and primary education are combined are called les écoles fondamentale
7 2 c
8 3 c stage 2, 3nd cycle
9 4 c
10 5 c stage 2, 4nd cycle
11 6 c
Secondary education / secondaire (FR) or secundair/middelbaar (NL) 12 1 c stage 3, 5th cycle
  • general (G) / algemeen (ASO) (NL) ;
  • technical (T) / technisch (TSO) (NL) ;
  • artistic (A) / kunst (KSO) (NL)
  • vocational (P) / professionnel (FR) or beroeps (BSO) (NL)  ;
  • special needs / buitengewoon (BuSO) (NL)
13 2 c
14 3 c
15 4 c
16 5 c
17 6 c
Higher Education / supérieur (FR) or hoger (NL) 18 1 cycle1: Bachelor (3 yers)|
  • in Wallonia: Universities, Colleges, Colleges of Arts and Higher Education Institutions of Architecture
  • in Flanders: Universities, University Colleges and Colleges (Hogescholen)
19 2
21 3
22 4 cycle 2: master (1-2yrs)
23 5-


More information on legal documents for the French Community can be found on the portal of the circulars, issued by the French Community (FR).

Higher education

Higher education in Flanders - Universities and Polytechnics

Remark: Polytechnics are called University Colleges or "Hogescholen" in Flanders.

On 4 April 2003 the Flemish government approved the Decree on the restructuring of higher education in Flanders. A new qualification structure was introduced. One-cycle programmes have been converted to the level of bachelor’s degree. Two-cycle programmes in hogescholen are academic education: academic bachelor courses and master courses in association with a university. The system should be regarded as a binary system: professional higher education at the ‘hogescholen’ and academic higher education at the universities and at the hogescholen (associations). The ‘hogescholen’ can award academic degrees in cooperation with a university. Still the universities have the monopoly of awarding doctor’s degrees.One of the consequences is that co-operation between universities and hogescholen is increase considerably with the development of associations. Universities and university colleges cooperate intensively, especially in the field of research, in the Associations. These are formed by one university and at least one university college. As a third kind, the Flemish government has recognised a number of "registered" institutes of higher education, which mostly issue specialised degrees or provide education mainly in a foreign language. The educational provision in Flemish tertiary education is laid down in the Higher education register that contains all the accredited higher education programmes in Flanders. There are 39 recognised Higher Education Institutions. The Universities and Colleges are divided into 5 associations. The registered Institutions are not a member of an Association. A few tertiary education institutes are not regulated by the corresponding laws on tertiary education. The Faculty of Protestant Theology in Brussels and the Evangelical Theological Faculty (in Heverlee award degrees in Protestant Theology. They are recognised as private institutes. Whatever their origin, all institutions mentioned above are officially recognised by the Flemish authorities. The following postgraduate institutions have the same status:

  • Institute of Development Policy and Management,
  • Institute of Tropical Medicine,
  • Vlerick Leuven-Gent Management School


We refer to the overview of all Flemish HEI's to get a complete overview.

In Flanders, the following higher education courses are provided:

  • Bachelor courses( Professional bachelor courses and Academic bachelor courses)
  • Master courses
  • Further training programmes
  • Postgraduates and updating and in-service training courses
  • Doctoral programmes

Higher professional education exclusively consists of professionally oriented bachelor courses, which are only organised at colleges of higher education. Academic education comprises bachelor and master courses, which are provided by universities. Also colleges of higher education belonging to an association are allowed to provide academic education.

Adult Education In Flanders there are several publicly funded education, training and developmental provision schemes for adults. Within part-time adult education, 3 different actors can be distinguished:

a continuing education (OSP): with more than 250,000 course participants, continuing education is the most important pillar in adult education. Continuing education is provided in centres for adult education which are recognised and funded by the authorities.
b supervised individual study (BIS): BIS has discontinued. It is however published in our research list.
c adult basic education: the 29 centres for basic adult education try to provide a broad and varied range of basic education programmes: languages, mathematics, social orientation, ICT, introduction in French and English and stimulation and student counselling activities.
In contrast with continuing education and BIS, courses in basic education are free of charge.

Lifelong Learning

On 31 March 2003, the Training and Alignment Information Service /Dienst Informatie Vorming en Afstemming (DIVA) was launched. DIVA co-ordinates the educational provision for adults in Flanders. DIVA facilitates the co-operation between the policy fields Education and Training, Employment, Culture and Economy. DIVA’s partners are the educational networks, Flemish Employment and Vocational Training Agency (VDAB), Flemish Institute for the Self-Employed (VIZO) and Support Centre for Socio-cultural Work (Socius). These partners represent respectively adult education (including further higher education, OSP, basic education, BIS and DKO), the training courses set up by VDAB, by Syntra and socio-cultural adult work. An awareness-raising campaign was launched: http://www.wordwatjewil.be (“Become what you want”)

Higher education in Wallonia - Universities and Polytechnics

In higher education, the academic year begins between mid-September and 1 October, depending on the course. The community is responsible for official education and private higher education takes place either in religious institutions or in civic institutions.

Source: http://www.fitforeurope.info/webcom/show_page_ffee.php?wc_c=15903&wc_id=1

In Wallonia distinctions are made between:

  • University Education
    • Universities / Université & University-Faculties / Facultés Universitaires: University establishments are specifically designed to offer three cycles of study and to carry out scientific research. Teaching and research go hand in hand at university level.

The universities are recognised and subsidised by the French Community of Belgium. They are grouped together in the form of university academies or associations

  • non-University Education
    • Colleges / Hautes Ecoles: These colleges are the equivalents to the “Hogescholen” in the Flemish Community. The Institutes of Higher Education and the Art Academies organise short–term or long-term higher education courses. The Higher Institutes of Architecture only offer long-term higher education courses.


Short-term higher education courses that lead to vocational qualifications are organised in one single cycle that leads to the academic grade of Bachelor (180 to 240 credits). The programme contains both practical and theoretical elements. Some institutes of higher education also offer a year of specialisation at the end of the 1st cycle.

    • Colleges of Art / Les écoles supérieures des arts: They provide artistic education in visual arts, music, theater and the arts of speech, performing arts ... and are governed according to the Decree of 17 May 1999 and the Decree of 20 December 2001 established specific rules regarding organisation, financing, management, personnel status, rights and duties of students.
    • Institutes of architecture / Les Instituts Supérieur d'Architecture: This HEI type is referenced in the law of 18 February 1977 which contained provisions relating to organic education architectural Higher Education (long type).


All recognised institutes can be found in the Annuaire de l'enseignement supérieur

We refer to the overview of all Wallone HEI'sto get a complete overview.

Higher education reform

Cultural, linguistic and political reforms in Belgium

From 1970 to 2001 there were already 5 reforms that split Belgium and created first cultural communities, then communities with responsibilities for person-related matters and regions, the separate bilingual region of Brussels, ... Read more information on these reforms above on this page.


In 2007-2008, Belgium was often mentioned in the news concerning the tensions between the Flemish and French Community as the first one wants to keep its cities Brussel-Halle-Vilvoorde while the latter wants to add these cities to its jurisdiction to also respectively keep and add the citizens’ extra votes (Belgium has a duty to vote). With these discussions it often occurs that some people say that Belgium should be divided and perhaps even be added to neighbouring countries of the respective similar languages (Flanders with the Netherlands and Wallonia with France).


Source: Where does the BHV crisis originate? / “Waar ligt de oorsprong van (de) BHV (crisis)” (BE)


Educational reforms in Belgium

Discussions between Flanders and Wallonia aren’t actually a new matter, as the following article on the site of the Walloon region mentions language-based discussions and their influence in the academic world. Please note that before long secondary and higher education institutions in Belgium only taught in French.

“[…] in the 20th century a strong regional awareness was to emerge in Flanders which would transform the academic world. The University of Gent underwent 'Flemishization' in 1928. Linguistic parity was established for the management boards of the FNRS and other research centres. In the years that followed, courses in the Dutch language were put on the curriculum of the Law Faculty of the ULB (Free University of Brussels). By 1955, this partitioning spread to all faculties, and in 1970 the Dutch-speaking Free University of Brussels was founded.


This linguistic partitioning led to an important event in 1968. In the University of Louvain, which had been bilingual since the early 20th century, the tension was mounting. Suddenly, there were strident calls for the French-speaking students to be expelled ("Walen buiten!"). This created a split in the Belgian academic world. The Flemish kept Louvain, while the French-speaking authorities set up the Catholic University of Louvain, with the Faculty of Medicine in Woluwé and other faculties in Louvain-la-Neuve.”


Source: Discover Wallonia - Education


A partition that is still apparent to this day. The language, used in education in Belgium today, depends on the language area the institution is located in, as mentioned above in Belgium in a Nutshell / Communities & Regions: you have the obvious division of the 3 language-defined communities and the capital Brussels, which is bilingual. The dominant languages in the HEIs in these separate entities are accordingly.


Higher education reform in Wallonia

The Decree of 5 August 1995 foresaw mergers of the Higher Education in the French Community to obtain an optimization of the training, resources and operations but also the consistency and clarity for better integration in the European Higher Education. Mergers in 2007-2008 were:

  1. The University-College of the Province of Liege / La Haute Ecole de la Province de Liège (HEPL) from Rennequin Sualem, Léon-Eli Troclet and André Vésale.
  2. The University-College of Namur / La Haute Ecole de Namur from The Catholic University-College of Namur / Haute école namuroise catholique (HENAC) and University-College of Teaching of Namur / la Haute école d’enseignement supérieur de Namur (IESN).

In 2008/2009, 29 University-Colleges became 25: La Haute Ecole libre mosane (HELMo) was the result of the merger of la Haute Ecole mosane d’Enseignement supérieur (HEMES) and la Haute Ecole ISELL. Future mergers are also being planned.


Source: http://www.enseignement.be/index.php?page=23811&navi=2537


The Bologna Process in Belgium

The Bologna Process in Flanders

The Bologna process has stimulated Flanders in a move towards greater internationalisation. The concept of internationalisation has changed from a focus on the individual to a focus on the ‘system level’, namely the formal structures of higher education. A Flemish credit system based on the ECTS and a Diploma Supplement were already implemented in the early 1990s. More recent changes are:

  • implementation of a bachelor and master structure,
  • accreditation system in co-operation with the Netherlands,
  • more flexible study paths.



The Bologna Process in Wallonia

The Decree of 31 March 2004 defined the Higher Education for Belgium and promoted its integration into the European area of higher education and universities refinancing.


The Bologna Process lead to some significant changes in the Belgian educational system, including in the French Community:

  • The "credit" is a unit corresponding to the time spent by the student on a learning activity within a programme of studies in a given discipline. The study year remains the reference point and corresponds to 60 credits. The credit system is based on ECTS (European Credit Transfer System).
  • Bachelor-master structure or “baccalauréat-maîtrise” structure:
    • First cycle - the bachelors, which correspond to a minimum of three years of study (180 credits) and lead to a bachelor’s degree. Higher educational studies of the short type previously leading to a ‘graduat’ qualification and the first study cycle known as the “candidature” at university have thus been replaced by the bachelors degree.
    • Second cycle - the masters: after obtaining a bachelors degree, the student can continue his education with a second cycle of studies. These lead to the degree of master over one year (60 credits) or two years (120 credits), or in medicine over a minimum of four years (240 credits) or in veterinary medicine after a minimum of three years (180 credits). Finally in some branches, the masters can be completed by a supplementary masters of a minimum one year (60 credits).
    • Third cycle: the doctorate, which only applies to university education and is accessible to students who have completed at least 300 credits. Third cycle studies consist of doctoral training (60 credits) leading to a qualification in research and in the preparation of a doctoral thesis (at least 180 credits), leading to a doctorate degree after the thesis has been defended.
  • Cooperation to ensure the quality of higher education etc.
  • Mobility of the students and academic staff


The French Community now distinguishes between universities (offering bachelor, master and doctoral courses) and higher education outside the universities (offering only bachelor courses): colleges (Hautes Ecoles), arts colleges, and institutes of architecture.


Sources:


Relevant Documents:

Administration and finance

For Belgian and European students, higher education is financed to a very large extent by the public authorities.

The Flemish higher education system is predominantly a public funded system. The Ministry of Education and Training directly funds the HEIs. There is no intermediate independent statutory body.

The public funding system distinguishes three main funding streams:

- the first flow: a core recurrent funding for teaching and research which covers costs of staff, material, equipment, buildings and social facilities of students;

- the second flow: an additional funding for basic research and a funding for basic research allocated by the research council and a funding allocated by the federal state (research networks of universities of both linguistic communities);

- the third flow: public funding for specific research programmes developed by the government, other public organisation, EU, cities and the provinces: such as for justice, social security, energy, sustainability, …. There are also funds for policy oriented research linked to the main policy domains.


Registration Fees

Every year, students must pay a registration fee. University enrolment fees were laid down in a clause in the Law of 27 July 1971 on the financing and supervision of university institutions. Subject to fulfilment of certain educational and financial conditions, students can benefit from student grants or loans. This assistance is supplemented by other benefits such as low-priced meals, assistance granted by welfare services linked to the universities, season tickets for transport, etc.

Source: French Community - Structures of education, vocational training and adult education systems in Europe, 2003 Edition – PDF – EN

The amount of this fee varies depending on the higher education establishment and the type of programme followed. For example, for the academic year 2008-2009, the registration fee for Belgian and EU students is set as follows :

  • To register with an university: € 811.00. On top of the usual fees, students from outside the European Union will be required to pay additional annual fees. To find out the exact amount, please contact the university in question.
  • To register with an institute of higher education, a college of the arts or a higher institute of architecture:
    • for a long-term course: € 330,07 (and € 428,56 for the academic year in which the qualification is awarded);
    • for a short-term course: € 165,03 (and € 214,28 for the academic year in which the qualification is awarded).
  • To these amounts must be added a specific fee for non-EU nationals whose parents are not resident in Belgium. The sum amounts to around € 1,500.00 for the first cycle and € 2,000.00 for the second and third cycles.

For the academic year of 2007-2008, the minerval rates (FR) for EU-based students were in general: 105 euros - 458 euros - 788 euros.

Source: Study in Belgium - Registration fees (EN)


Tuition fees:

In Flanders, the tuition fees are low compared to many other countries: - maximum 100 euro for students from the lower socio-economic background (students who are eligible for a grant – about 25% of the student population); - maximum 515 euro for the other students; there is a deduction for students whose parental income is a little bit above the eligible income limit).

The HEIs can raise tuition fees for non-EU students and for advanced master study programme in order to cover the costs of attracting specialists (these programmes are also internationally oriented).

Every student who qualifies for study financing can be supported financially for two bachelors, a master, a preparation programme, a bridging programme and a teacher training programme. As study paths have become more flexible, so too has study financing been made more flexible. A system of study credits has replaced the study year system. The study financing amount is linked to the number of study credits for which the student is enrolled. The new decree extends the possibilities of taking study financing beyond Flanders into the wider Higher Education Space. In the past funding could only be taken across the border if students opted for foreign studies that were not provided in Flanders.

Relevant source on the legal framework is the Decree of 5 August 1995 (FR) established the general organisation of Higher Education in the University-Colleges and was amended by the [3] Decree of 30 June 2006 which modernised the operation and the finances of the University-Colleges.

In the French Community of Belgium the amounts of tuition fees are determined by the central education authorities. Donations made to HEIs may be the object of tax relief for donors.

Source: “The organisation of the academic year in higher education - 2008/09” Chapter 4: Private Funds Raised By Higher Education Institutions (PDF – EN)


Costs

In the French Community, the unit costs established per student correspond to a normative cost per student, which is established by considering various factors such as, for example, optimal student/staff ratios and other standardised efficiency measures used to calculate what the costs per student ought to be, rather than what they are on an actual or average basis. The French Community of Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany and Malta use an approach based essentially on input in the award of basic funding for research.


While in the German-speaking Community of Belgium, a new funding system for operational costs at the only HEI (Autonome Hochschule) is being prepared and will be applied from 2009/10. Initiatives in the fields of training and research, taken by this HEI since 2005, can be taken into account for the annual lump sum.


Source: “The organisation of the academic year in higher education - 2008/09.” Chapter 3: Direct Public Funding Of Higher Education Institutions (PDF - EN)

Students who enrol in higher non-university education must pay fees (the minerval). The minimum payment is set by regulations (there are special fees for certain foreign students). Subject to certain pedagogical and financial conditions, students can be awarded study grants or loans. The forms of assistance offered also include other benefits, such as low-cost meals, assistance by the social services connected with hautes écoles, season tickets for transport, etc.


Grants

  1. The Wallonia-Brussels Community grants: grants can be awarded by the French Community of Belgium and by the universities. Web site: Wallonia-Brussels International (WBRI)
  2. The European Union grants: grants are also awarded within the framework of European programmes :
    1. The SOCRATES/ERASMUS and LEONARDO programmes
    2. The ERASMUS MUNDUS programme
    3. The ALBAN grant programme for students from Latin America. In 2002, the European Commission adopted this programme.
  3. The Grants of the University Agency of Francophony targeting students, teachers and researchers


Source: StudyInBelgium: Financial aspects


Relevant Sources: Financial aspects](FR) on Enseignement.be, with subpages on school fees (FR), social benefits (FR), discount on public transport subscriptions (FR)

Quality assurance

Assessing the quality of the services that universities provide has become an overriding priority. The Quality Assessment is different in Wallone and Flanders.

Quality assessment in Flemish higher education is organised at different levels

1. The decretal internal self-evaluation.

2. An external assessment of a particular programme (or cluster of programmes), starting from those self-evaluation reports, carried out by external assessment panels which are coordinated by the Council of Flemish University Colleges, (Vlaamse Hogescholenraad – VLHORA) (www.vlhora.be) and the Flemish Interuniversity Council (Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad – VLIR) (www.vlir.be).

Accreditation by the Dutch-Flemish Accreditation Organisation (Nederlands-Vlaamse Accreditatieorganisatie – NVAO), which starts from the assessment carried out by the quality-assurance agency. When positively assessed, programmes are accredited for a period of eight academic years. However, when the NVAO issues a negative decision, institutions may apply for temporary accreditation which is valid for a period of one year and which can be extended twice ( research.

In exchange for greater autonomy Flemish universities and hogescholen have implemented a system of internal and external quality assessment. The aim is to improve the quality of study programs. The government has made the institutions themselves responsible for creating the appropriate means for doing this. The so-called “visitations” consist, firstly, of a very important self-assessment (on the basis of a detailed guide) and secondly, the visit and assessment (on the basis of interviews) by an external commission which draws up the final report. As laid down by decree, a visitation for each study program must take place at least once every 8 years. For universities, the first round was completed in 2001; a new round started in 2002 (for non-university tertiary education, a new round started in 2004). Recommendations are, generally speaking, acted upon quite well by the individual institution in question.

At the institutional level, the quality assessment with regard to teaching primarily concerns the evaluation of the individual courses.

The students’ assessment of teaching performance takes the form of a standardised questionnaire, to be filled in anonymously, which provides information regarding, for example, the teaching materials and methods used, the match between the content and the final objectives of the course, the teaching style, etc. Finally, the students may add general comments (such as suggestions, strengths and weaknesses of the course) by means of open questions.


Although the educational authorities in Flanders are greatly in favor of collective research assessments,quality assurance with regard to research is at present mainly the responsibility of the individual universities. The Department of Education has, however, recently commissioned an evaluation of the universities’ research management and quality assurance processes, while the universities themselves were asked to report on their experiences with regard to the research policy management of the authorities.As laid down by decree, a systematic research assessment by each individual university, resulting in a public report, must be carried out at least once every 8 years. From 1999 onwards, most universities have been carrying out bibliometric studies on research output on the basis of publications and its visibility in the natural and (bio)medical sciences. Recently, pilot studies have also been commissioned in some domains of the humanities and social sciences (linguistics, economics, law). Furthermore, self-assessment reports at the level of individual research teams, supplemented by data on commissioned research and output of the teams, are regularly used in internal and external peer reviews. Only one university (Free University of Brussels – VUB) is at present running a systematic research assessment program consisting of complementary bibliometric studies and on site peer review.


Quality Assessment in the Wallone Higher Education is arranged by The Decree of 8 March 2007 created a Pedagogical Support and Advice Service for the education organized by the French Community.

The Decree of the French Community, adopted on 23 March 2004 (the decree "Bologna"), translated the decree’s intentions for the Higher Education of the French Community. The Decree of 31 March 2004 – 18 June 2004 (PDF - FR) defined Higher Education, promoted its integration into the European area of Higher Education and refinanced universities.

Source: http://www.restode.cfwb.be/pgens/sup/superieur.htm?i=mEtsitem_4


The General Inspectorate Service was reformed after the Decree of 8 March 2007 (FR), enforced on 1 September 2007. The decree created this General Inspectorate Service within the Government. It is headed by a General Coordinator under the authority of the Director General of the General Administration of Education and Scientific Research. Some of its Inspection Services are also for Higher Education (Enseignement supérieur) such as:

Source: http://www.restode.cfwb.be/pgens/org_cf/insp/inspection.htm

On the web site Enseignement.be you can find an overview of the several inspection divisions: The annual administration: inspection (FR).


The Agency for the Evaluation of the Quality of Higher Education (l'Agence pour l'Evaluation de la Qualité dans l'Enseignement supérieur) was created by the [http://www.cdadoc.cfwb.be/cdadocrep/pdf/2002/20021114s27175.pdf Decree of 14 November 2002 and is organized or subsidized by the French Community. Its missions are to:

  • promote, through cooperation among all components of Higher Education, the implementation of practices to improve quality at each institution;
  • provide an assessment of Higher Education, highlighting good practices, shortcomings and problems to solve, without disclosing the data for each institution;
  • identify and plan on a multi-year assessments to be carried out;
  • ensure compliance assessment procedures;
  • establish the list of experts and appoint the Chairman of the experts;
  • represent the French Community with national and international bodies in evaluating the quality of higher education;
  • generate proposals to be sent to political leaders to improve the overall quality of higher education;
  • make proposals on the performance of its tasks in the initiative or at the request of the Government.


A more recent decree relevant to the Agency is the Decree of 22 February 2008, stipulating various measures related to the organization and functioning of the Agency for the Evaluation of the quality of higher education organized or subsidized by the French Community.

Country's HEIs in the information society

In Belgium, the development of the e-learning knew a notable evolution since the beginning of the years 2000, under the impulse of several public funding, of regional, national or European origin. The large universities of the country have all internal teams in charge of stimulating and adapting existing course to e-learning platforms; some of them have even created innovating platforms now used worldwide; others play an important part in the definition of public policies related to e-learning use, especially concerning training for the unemployed and workers in activity. Common research projects, carried on by public authorities and research centres aim at exploring specific dimensions of e-learning practices, such as the motivation of the participants to continue a course, barriers to the adoption, etc., and to draw some the conclusions useful for the general diffusion of the tools. Their exists a very differentiated uses of e-learning between institutions, reflecting both particular internal dynamics, and choices of platforms and, therefore, training strategies. We refer for the complete list to the "Virtual campus Initiaves list beneath this page. Contributing to the development of e-learning is also very present in other universities, such that of Universiteit van Gent and Vrije Universiteit Brussels which collaborate very narrowly in the development of the open source e-learning platform called “Dokeos”. This platform has been based initially on the Claroline source code but is now having its own way. The Dokeos solution is currently used in many institutions, and is controlled at the present time by a private company based in Brussels. The software is targeted either to university and high schools uses but also other diversified customers (administrations, companies, projects, etc).


If the e-learning forms now part of the life of all the Belgian universities, this mode of training also gradually penetrated the activity of other training operators, such as the organizations of vocational training. Those are often helped by the university research centers to develop their strategies, to conceive and coordinate projects, to provide support in the development of contents.

The principal actors on the matter are the public organizations in charge of training for the unemployed. The practice of self-tuition indeed constitutes a traditional tool often used historically as a mean of training. Since the end of the year 2006, the Walloon Agency of Telecommunication (AWT), became the public authority in charge of the global coordination of the e-learning offer for the Walloon region. The AWT carry on this activity within the framework of a regional program (program Prométhée II), whose objective is to develop economic activity through the ICT appropriation by the greatest number. This program gathers the DG of the research of the Walloon region (DGTRE), Forem and the Centers of competences specialized in ICT.

Similar strategies are also pursued by the VDAB – Vlaasmse Dienst voor Arbeidsbemiddeling in Beoepsopleiding – and the ORBEM – Office Régional Bruxellois de l’Emploi –, both in charge of training for the unemployed for the Flemish and Brussels region, although their specific contexts (in particular the kind of grid of centers of competences) differ. The platforms of development selected are also different (Lotus CMS for the VDAB; NetG for ,Brussels Formation (ORBEM)), which makes the exchange of contents difficult.


Towards the information society

Connectivity

BELNET is the Belgian national research network that was established in 1993 as part of the Federal Science Policy Office. With its network, that has an extremely high capacity, BELNET guarantees Belgian universities, recognised research centers, and educational establishments the very best possibilities with regard to Internet connection and use of the research network. Since 1995, Belgian public bodies and departments can also make use of the services of BELNET.

At present, approximately 625.000 end users in more than 185 Belgian institutions have a high-speed Internet connection via BELNET.

In addition, BELNET manages the Belgian Internet exchange BNIX ("Belgian National Internet Exchange"). This node is a centralised infrastructure that enables Internet Service Providers (ISPs) active in the Belgian market to exchange traffic between one another. Thanks to BNIX, the traffic between Belgian Internet users does not have to make a detour over any foreign countries.


Relevant organisations

RESTODE is the pedagogical server/portal, organised by the French Community of Belgium. It is the acronym for (in French) RÉSeau Télématique de l'Organisation Des Études (Telematic resources for the organisation of education) and contributes, through its own resources and the Internet, to the realisation and implementation of educational and pedagogical projects in the French Community’s educational field. One of its objectives is to encourage the development and use of ICT applied to education. It proposes among others to provide a data base with pedagogical documentation (pedagogical resources such as articles, a list of pedagogical servers by country and notebooks for different subject matters).

Source: http://www.restode.cfwb.be



Virtual Campuses in HE

Re.ViCa Case-study: Association Kuleuven

Virtual Campus initiatives in Flanders: Universities and Polytechnics

Association eLearning organised by Virtual Campus Name Based on LMS' Applications' Students using VC'
K.U.Leuven Association Centralised Aproach Toledo Blackboard Question Mark perception - Wordpress - Media WIki - Ariadne
Antwerp University Association Centralised Support by ExpertiseCentrum Hoger Onderwijs e-Campus Blackboard
Brussels university association VUB Point Carré Dokeos Plone - Zope Eportfolio
Erasmushogeschool Brussel Dokeos Dokeos
Ghent University Association Ghent University Minerva, the Digital Learning Environment of the Ghent University Dokeos Perception
University College Arteveldehogeschool DiLeAhs Dokeos
University College Ghent Dokeos Dokeos
University College West Flanders (HOWEST) ? Dokeos
universiteit - hogescholen Limburg association Hasselt University e-Jump Blackboard Question mark perception
PHL University College Blackboard Blackboard
XIOS University College Limburg



Name Institution City Type
Plantijn Hogeschool Antwerp Online software & resources
ETF Virtual Campus Evangelical Theological Faculty (ETF) Leuven LMS
University of Ghent Ghent LMS (such as Blackboard / Toledo) PDF presentation
Open Hoger Onderwijs (OHO) Katholieke Hogeschool Zuid-West-Vlaanderen (KATHO) Kortrijk Mentored distance learning / blended learning
Open University Vlaanderen (subdivision of OUNL) Coördinatiebureau Vlaanderen in the University of Ghent / OUNL Ghent Distance learning
Toledo the K.U.Leuven Association Leuven VLE, LMS, Student manual (PDF)
Virtual Campus of UAntwerp Universiteit Antwerpen Antwerp This is more like a static information portal to attract new students than to teach them in an interactive way
Virtual University of FUSL Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis (FUSL) Brussels LMS (Claroline)
Virtual University of l'ULB l'Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels LMS (WebCT – Blackboard)

MISCELLANEOUS

Name Institution City Type
E-Learning for In-Service teacher training in Europe (ELISE) K.U.Leuven Leuven e-course
L' Enseignement à Distance (EAD) la Communauté française de Belgique Brussels e-course
EQUAL-Déclic Raising awareness, building portal “Learn-on-line”
Formadis Université de Liège / ULB Liège Info sessions on e-learning
FOREM Formation Polygone de l’Eau FOREM Formation Polygone de l’Eau Verviers 1 e-course in 2007??
FOREM Formation Wallonie Bois FOREM Formation Wallonie Bois Libramont ?
Galatea K.U.Leuven Leuven platform for making online publications & interaction
Heuristiek en Oefeningen in een Digitale Omgeving Toegepast (HeuroDOT) K.U.Leuven & KULAK (Kortrijk) Leuven VLE/ LMS for making exercises for history study
Intelligent distributed Cognitive-based open Learning System for Schools (iClass) European project, coordinated by Siemens IT Solutions and Services – Belgium LMS à personalised learning
The Language Focus eXplio nv Ghent LMS, e-course, e-exercise, …
Languages online Languages online Brussels language learning (CD-ROM, Phone courses and virtual classes) blended learning
Plei@d Institut wallon de formation en alternance et des indépendants et petites et moyennes entreprises (IFAPME) Charleroi e-courses
Technifutur Competence Centre Technifutur Competence Centre Liège e-course
Techno.bel Techno.bel, Centre de Compétence Ciney e-course (only 1 for now)
Technocité Technocité Hornu e-Learning & Blended learning
Technofutur Industrie Technofutur Industrie asbl Gosselies (Charleroi) CEMI e-course
Technofutur TIC Technofutur TIC Gosselies (Charleroi) e-Learning & Blended learning
Training Info Management Information Brussels Portal / search engine


DISCONTINUED

Name Institution City Type
BIS Online Begeleid Individueel Studeren (BIS) – Ministry of Education Brussels Distance learning. Discontinued.
Charleroi-Lille Enseignement Ouvert (CLEO) l'Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Distance learning. Non-active? Article 1 and 2
KaHo Sint-Lieven “campus extension in Second Life” Kaho Sint-Lieven (students’ project) Ghent KaHo campus in SL. Inactive now (I think)



The Virtual Campus at the University of Liege.  “WebCT CE6, Aide en ligne de l'étudiant”, a student guide for use of WebCT (PDF), 169 pages

The MegaTrends project listed a case study article on the Virtual Campus of the University of Liège in their second book, [Megaproviders of e-learning in Europe (PDF - 212 pages) (ISBN 978 82 562 88184). The article “The Virtual Campus of the University of Liège”, Belgium (PDF), 12 pages, 2007, by Prof. Marianne Poumay, Director of LabSET, University of Liège is available in English and French.

HEC-ULg has developed a virtual campus also called Lola - which is an interactive interface between the lecturer and his/her audience. Once students have received their ULg registration number and password*, they can register for each course they are interested in available on the virtual campus. The lecturer will contact students directly and provide them with all useful information related to his/her course (agenda, group assignments, powerpoint slide shows, etc.). Contact with the other students registered in the course is also possible.

campusvirtuel.be from 3 Business Schools (Solvay, HEC-ULg and LSM), article in French: "Solvay, HEC-ULg et la LSM créent ensemble un campus virtuel"

“State of the art of e-learning in Belgium” (PDF), 16 pages, 2007, by Marc ZUNE (FNRS)


Studies in the Context of the e-learning Initiative: Virtual Models for European Universities (lot 1)(PDF), 200 pages, 2003,Final Report to the EU Commission, DG Education & Culture, Annex F Country profiles


An 'eLearning Country Brief of Belgium' of the eUSER project is available at http://euser-eu.org/eUSER_eLearningCountryBrief.asp?CaseID=2240&CaseTitleID=1081&MenuID=117.


Table II: Virtual learning initiatives in Belgium

Name Institution City Type
Campus Virtuel en Gestion (CVG) Management School – University of Liege Liège Share resources & create remote courses
Les cours en ligne Facultés universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix à Namur Namur e-courses?
Ecole Virtuelle de la Province de Liège la Province de Liège Liège Distance learning
Formasup: Complementary Master in Higher Education Pedagogy University of Liège Liège Blended learning courses
L'Institut provincial de Formation link la Province de Hainaut Mons e-course
Laboratoire de Soutien à l'Enseignement Télématique (LabSET) Université de Liège Liège research and expertise center in distance learning
Learning Online @ccess (Lol@) Management School – University of Liege Liège LMS
Learn on line - Learn on line IFRES/LabSET - University of Liège Liège portal
ICampus / WebCampus La Haute Ecole de la Province de Namur Namur LMS (Claroline)
VDAB Webleren VDAB Brussels About 150 courses are offered online for jobseekers, employees and employers
Virtual University of FUSL Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis (FUSL) Brussels LMS (Claroline)
Virtual University of l'ULB l'Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels LMS (WebCT – Blackboard)
Virtual Campus of ULg University of Liège Liège e-learning portal (e-Agora), LMS (WebCT – Blackboard?) with e-courses

Lessons learnt

References

Belgium:

  1. Wikipedia on Belgium
  2. Wikipage on the communities, regions and language areas of Belgium
  3. Information about Higher Education on Belgium.be
  4. Wikipedia’s page on Belgium Universities and Colleges

Flanders:

  1. The web site for the ministry of Education and Formation
  2. “EDUCATION IN FLANDERS - The Flemish educational landscape in a nutshell”, PDF
  3. Higher Education in Flanders Register
  4. Study in Flanders
  5. Introduction to (initial) accreditation (EN)
  6. Accreditation (EN)
  7. Accredidation Framework for Flanders (EN)
  8. Automatic recognition of qualifications (EN)
  9. Joint declaration automatic recognition qualifications December 2005 (PDF) (EN)

Other:

  1. For corporate e-learning there's the Belgian network for Open & Distance learning (BE-ODL)
  2. Interesting country reports concerning e-learning: State of the art of e-learning in Belgium

Wallone:

Quality Assurance Relevant documents:


Relevant sites:

Internal evaluation Belgium

> Countries

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