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== Greece in a nutshell ==
== Partners situated in Country ==


[[Image:000_Greqia_harta.PNG|thumb|right|300px|Source: Original png on: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/000_Greqia_harta.PNG|Greece]]
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== Country in a nutshell ==


GREECE (Ελλάδα – Elláda) officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkanic Peninsula and it includes more than 2000 islands situated in Ionian and Aegean Seas and it has a total surface area of 131,957  km2. Greece is a parliamentary republic and it’s considered as the cradle of the western culture and thought. Greece is a member of the European Union since 1981, of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union since 2001and also a member of NATO from 1952.


Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a parliamentary republic; Greece is in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula. Greece is a developed country, a member of the European Union since 1981, a member of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union since 2001, NATO since 1952. Athens is the capital; Thessaloniki, Patras, Heraklion, Volos, Ioannina, Larissa and Kavala are some of the country's other major cities.
Athens is the capital of Greece and Thessaloniki, Patras, Heraklion, Volos, Ioannina, Larissa e Kavala are some of the most important cities of the country.  


As of January 2008, the population of Greece is estimated at 11,262,000 by Eurostat : the 58,8% lives in the urban areas and only the 28,4% in rural areas.
The official language is the Modern Greek that is spoken by the 98.5% of population; moreover, there are some Slavic and Turkish minorities.
The widespread religion is the Orthodox Christian and the relationship between State and  Church are regulated by the Third Article of the Greek Constitution.
Greece is divided in 13 perifereies (περιφέρειες) – Attica, Central Greece, Central Macedonia, Crete, East Macedonia e Thrace, Epirus, Ionian Island, North Aegean, Peloponnese, South Aegean, Thessaly, West Greece, West Macedonia – subdivided into a total of fifty-one prefectures called nomos.
Greece is a Parliamentary Republic thanks to the Referendum of the 8th December 1974.
The President of the Republic, who is considered the edge of the state, is elected by the Parliament for a five-years terms, only for two mandate.
The Greek Constitution, formed by 120 articles, foresee the separation of the three powers: executive, legislative and judiciary.
The executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and by the Government. The President  of the Republic is the commandant in chief of the armed forces and he presides over the Defense Council.
The civil authority of the armed forces is the Ministry of the national defence. The President of the Republic appoints the Prime Minister and the other Cabinet members.
Legislative power is exercised by a The legislative power is exercised by a 300-member elective unicameral Parliament (Vouli ton Ellinon) : elections are held every four years by universal suffrage through a complex proportional system, with barrage at 3%.
The judiciary power is independent from the executive and legislative and it comprehends three Supreme Court: the Court of Cassation (Άρειος Πάγος), the Council of State (Συμβούλιο της Επικρατείας) and the Curt of Auditors (Ελεγκτικό Συνέδριο).
Greece has a multiparty system, dominated by two principles political party: the liberal-conservative New Democracy (ND), actually in power, and the social-democratic Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK).
== Country education policy ==
During the 19th century, have been implemented in Greece, many reforms in the education field, in relation to the structure of the system, the national curriculum and the language used for education. In 1975 the Constitution has established the new paradigm of education legislation that was introduced through the reform of the education system, one year later, in 1976. The reform in question has established a common language for education, has reformed the education division between primary, secondary and tertiary education and emphasized the modernization of curricula and the improvement of the administration and monitoring of education.
The second period of reforms of the education system began in the mid-nineties and the third period in early 21 century, between 2004 and 2006. This reform, introduced important changes, like the creation of the Foundation of International University of Greece, the reform of secondary vocational training, the introduction of a new law for the assessment of education and legislative actions in relation to lifelong learning area.
In the Greek Constitution, education is identified as a responsibility of the state. The majority of Greek citizens attend public schools, in fact, there are few private schools that are supervised by the Ministry of Education. The Minister has a centralized control on state schools, sets educational curricula, he manages the staff and monitors the funds.
At regional level the role of supervisor of the Minister is done through the Regional Councils for Primary and Secondary Education that operate in every prefecture. The tertiary institutions are almost totally autonomous, even if the Minister is responsible for funding. In accordance with Article 16 of the Greek constitution, education, both moral, intellectual, occupational and physical, is a basic mission for the state, with the aim of developing a national and religion conscience and provide adequate training to the future citizens.
The basic legislation is included in the following:
* Constitution 2001 (Article16).
* Law 682/1977: “About the private schools and boarding houses”.
* Law 1566/1985: “Structure and Operation of Primary and Secondary Education and other Stipulations”.
* Law 2817/2000: “Regional Directorates of Education”.
* Law 2916/2001: “Structure of Higher Education and settlement of issues in the Technological Sector”.
* Law 2986/2002: “Organisation of Regional Services of Primary and Secondary Education, assessment of teaching task and staff, teachers’ in service training and other stipulations”.
* Law 3027/2002: “Regulations concerning the Organisation of School Buildings for Higher Education and other stipulations”.
* Ministerial Decisions 21072α/Γ2/ Official Journal 303 v.B’/13-3-2003 and 21072β/Γ2/ Official Journal 304v.B’/13-3-2003, “Cross-Curricular Thematic Framework and Curricula of Primary and Secondary Education”.
* Law 3255/2004: “Regulations for Issues of all Educational Levels”.
* Law 3369/2005: “Systematisation of Lifelong Learningand other stipulations”.
* Law 3467/2005: “Selection of primary and secondary education teachers, regulations for Administration and Education issues and other stipulations”.
* Law 3475/2006: “Organization of secondary vocational education and other provisions”.
* Law 3549/2007: “Reform of the institutional framework concerning the structure and function of the higher education institutes”.
More recently legislation interventions made in the period 2000-2001 include :
# Improvements have been made to the 1997/98 reform, regarding the access system to Higher Education and the hiring of educators. In the case of the first one notes a less rigid textbook based assessment system which exhibits features of analysis, association, critical thinking etc. in this regard one can claim that attempts are made to reach congruency between the curriculum and
its contents and the assessment for access to higher education system.
# Legislation regarding the fields of Special Education, decentralisation of education, training and evaluation of educators has been reformed (Law 2986/2002).
# Technological Education Institutes have been upgraded by being incorporated in Higher Education which now consists of two parallel sectors namely: the University and the Technological ones. (Law 2916/2001).
The specific changes introduced into the education system with the Greek Reform of 2007 include:
The establishment of Unified Upper Secondary School (Eniaio Lykeio) which is gradually replacing all other existing types of upper secondary school (lykeio);
The procedure for admission to higher education has been changed, with emphasis on the assessment of pupils in the second and third degree of lykeio;
The duration of kindergartens and primary schools has been stretched because it will gradually move to full-time;
Second Chance Schools have been created specifically for teens who have already completed 18 years and have not yet completed the compulsory school;
The design of a common curriculum for both primary and secondary education
A focal point of educational policy is the idea that education is a social resource and a right for every citizen. Based on laws passed by Parliament for each educational level, the State intends to render more democratic the whole process of education, decentralizing it, ensuring the participation of those who are directly involved in the process, raising the quality level provided and applying the principle of merit principle in the recruitment of specific staff .  Compared to European data Greece isn’t investing many resources to fund educational projects: in fact, the percentage of GDP granted to education in 2005 was 3.98% . Also the other percentage rates are lower than the European average.


Greece's total area is 131,990 km², with a water percentage of 0.8669. According to the NSSG (National Statistical Service of Greece ), Greece's total population in 2001 was 10,964,020; extimated population in 2008 is 11,216,708, the 74th largest population in the World.


== Country education system ==
== Country education system ==




== Higher education ==
=== Universities in Country ===
(this is an important section)
=== Polytechnics in Country ===




===Pre-education===
== Higher education reform ==
Nursery schools (Παιδικός σταθμός, Paidikós Stathmós) are popular but not compulsory. '''Kindergartens''' (Νηπιαγωγείο, Nipiagogeío) '''are now compulsory''' for any child above 4 years of age.


===Compulsory education===
=== The Bologna Process ===


Children start primary school aged 6 and remain there for six years. Attendance at Gymnasia starts at age 12 and last for three years.
(very important for European countries)


The primary level starts at the age of 6 until the age of 11.


'''Primary school''': duration 5 years (6 y/old - 12 y/old children)<br />
== Administration and finance ==
'''Gymnasia School''': duration 3 years (12 y/old - 15 y/old)


After the primary school follows the Gymnasia until 15 years of age. At that age the compulsary education is completed.


===Secondary education===
== Quality assurance ==


Greece's post-compulsory secondary education consists of two school types:


* '''unified upper secondary schools''' (Ενιαίο Λύκειο, Eniaia Lykeia);
== Country's HEIs in the information society ==
* '''technical-vocational educational schools''' (Τεχνικά και Επαγγελματικά Εκπαιδευτήρια, "TEE").


Post-compulsory secondary education also includes '''vocational training institutes''' (Ινστιτούτα Επαγγελματικής Κατάρτισης, "IEK") which provide a formal but unclassified level of education. As they can accept both Gymnasio (lower secondary school) and Lykeio (upper secondary school) graduates, these institutes are not classified as offering a particular level of education.
=== Towards the information society ===


The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks the Greek secondary education as the 12th in the world, being significantly above the OECD average.
=== Information society strategy ===


== Higher education ==


Public higher education is divided into universities, "Highest Educational Institutions" (Ανώτατα Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα, Anótata Ekpaideytiká Idrýmata, "ΑΕΙ") and "Highest Technological Educational Institutions" (Ανώτατα Τεχνολογικά Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα, Anótata Technologiká Ekpaideytiká Idrýmata, "ATEI"). Students are admitted to these Institutes according to their performance at national level examinations taking place after completion of the third grade of Lykeio. Additionally, students over twenty-two years old may be admitted to the Hellenic Open University through a form of lottery.
== Virtual Campuses in HE ==


The [http://www.uoa.gr/ Capodistrian university of Athens] is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean.
=== Interesting Virtual Campus Initiatives ===


(another very important section)


== Virtual initiatives in HE==
=== Interesting Programmes ===  


<table width="90%" style="margin: auto;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="1">
=== Re.ViCa Case-study ===
  <tr>
    <th width="22" style="background-color: #FFFF99">Nr.</th>
    <th style="background-color: #FFFF99">Name</th>
    <th width="270" style="background-color: #FFFF99">URL</th>
    <th width="252" style="background-color: #FFFF99">Notes</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>1</td>
    <td width="242"><strong>Hellenic Open University </strong></td>
    <td>http://www2.eap.gr/frameset.jsp?locale=en</td>
    <td>Students with a high school degree only, are able to enrol &ndash;usually on line- in theme units that substitute the traditional courses. During their courses they have to communicate with the instructor, they prepare assignments and they form on line groups with their co-students.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>2</td>
    <td width="242"><strong>Aristotle University of Thessaloniki</strong></td>
    <td>http://www.auth.gr/home/index_en.html</td>
    <td>Since 1997, there is an important effort to transform the bigger university in Greece in dual mode university that can provide a great part of graduate and postgraduate programs with both traditional methods and distance learning, with the creation of 6 virtual tele-classes and one tele-conference room.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>3</td>
    <td width="242"><strong>Telematohs@University of Macedonia in Thessaloniki</strong></td>
    <td>http://www.uom.gr/index.php?newlang=eng</td>
    <td>Telemathos aims at the production of multimedia educational material and provides e-courses concerning: &ldquo;Business Administration&rdquo;, &lsquo;Sales techniques and marketing methods&rsquo;, &ldquo;Accounting and taxes&rdquo;, &ldquo;Evaluation of investment and exploitation of incentives&rdquo;, for graduate students and professionals for their professional training and local economic development.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>4</td>
    <td width="242"><strong>National Techincal University of Athens </strong></td>
    <td>http://www.ntua.gr/en_index.htm</td>
    <td>The National Technological University of Athens (NTUA) supports the faculty and the students with distance learning infrastructure in terms of installations, audiovisual media and network equipment.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>5</td>
    <td width="242"><strong>Athens University of Economics and Business</strong></td>
    <td>http://www.aueb.gr/index_en.php</td>
    <td>The tele-education Centre of the Athens University of Ecomomics and Business materializes an application for the development of distance learning environment through the Lab. of Business Information Technology. <br><br>The pilot web courses concern:<br> Internet and E-commerce, Database for Business applications, Principles for the design and Implementation of Information systems and Business Information Systems, specifically created to support the needs of executives</td>
  </tr>
</table>


== References ==


[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece Wikipedia:Greece]
==  Lessons learnt ==


[http://europa.eu/youth/studying/index_he_en.html European Youth Portal > Studying > Greece]


[http://www.syros.aegean.gr/users/tsp/citations_dnl/000185.pdf Distance Learning in Higher Education and Perspectives in Greece]
== References ==


----
(try to add one or two)


[[Internal evaluation Greece]]
----
----
> [[Countries]]
> [[Countries]]
<br>
>> [[Main Page]]


[[Category:Europe]]
''Don't forget to change "Pangaea" to the relevant country - and also to the relevant containing continent or continental/oceanic/political (sub)region!''
[[Category:European Union]]
[[Category:Pangaea| ]]

Revision as of 16:02, 7 April 2009

Partners situated in Country

-

Country in a nutshell

GREECE (Ελλάδα – Elláda) officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkanic Peninsula and it includes more than 2000 islands situated in Ionian and Aegean Seas and it has a total surface area of 131,957 km2. Greece is a parliamentary republic and it’s considered as the cradle of the western culture and thought. Greece is a member of the European Union since 1981, of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union since 2001and also a member of NATO from 1952.

Athens is the capital of Greece and Thessaloniki, Patras, Heraklion, Volos, Ioannina, Larissa e Kavala are some of the most important cities of the country.

As of January 2008, the population of Greece is estimated at 11,262,000 by Eurostat : the 58,8% lives in the urban areas and only the 28,4% in rural areas.

The official language is the Modern Greek that is spoken by the 98.5% of population; moreover, there are some Slavic and Turkish minorities.

The widespread religion is the Orthodox Christian and the relationship between State and Church are regulated by the Third Article of the Greek Constitution.

Greece is divided in 13 perifereies (περιφέρειες) – Attica, Central Greece, Central Macedonia, Crete, East Macedonia e Thrace, Epirus, Ionian Island, North Aegean, Peloponnese, South Aegean, Thessaly, West Greece, West Macedonia – subdivided into a total of fifty-one prefectures called nomos. Greece is a Parliamentary Republic thanks to the Referendum of the 8th December 1974.

The President of the Republic, who is considered the edge of the state, is elected by the Parliament for a five-years terms, only for two mandate. The Greek Constitution, formed by 120 articles, foresee the separation of the three powers: executive, legislative and judiciary. The executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and by the Government. The President of the Republic is the commandant in chief of the armed forces and he presides over the Defense Council. The civil authority of the armed forces is the Ministry of the national defence. The President of the Republic appoints the Prime Minister and the other Cabinet members. Legislative power is exercised by a The legislative power is exercised by a 300-member elective unicameral Parliament (Vouli ton Ellinon) : elections are held every four years by universal suffrage through a complex proportional system, with barrage at 3%. The judiciary power is independent from the executive and legislative and it comprehends three Supreme Court: the Court of Cassation (Άρειος Πάγος), the Council of State (Συμβούλιο της Επικρατείας) and the Curt of Auditors (Ελεγκτικό Συνέδριο). Greece has a multiparty system, dominated by two principles political party: the liberal-conservative New Democracy (ND), actually in power, and the social-democratic Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK).

Country education policy

During the 19th century, have been implemented in Greece, many reforms in the education field, in relation to the structure of the system, the national curriculum and the language used for education. In 1975 the Constitution has established the new paradigm of education legislation that was introduced through the reform of the education system, one year later, in 1976. The reform in question has established a common language for education, has reformed the education division between primary, secondary and tertiary education and emphasized the modernization of curricula and the improvement of the administration and monitoring of education. The second period of reforms of the education system began in the mid-nineties and the third period in early 21 century, between 2004 and 2006. This reform, introduced important changes, like the creation of the Foundation of International University of Greece, the reform of secondary vocational training, the introduction of a new law for the assessment of education and legislative actions in relation to lifelong learning area.

In the Greek Constitution, education is identified as a responsibility of the state. The majority of Greek citizens attend public schools, in fact, there are few private schools that are supervised by the Ministry of Education. The Minister has a centralized control on state schools, sets educational curricula, he manages the staff and monitors the funds. At regional level the role of supervisor of the Minister is done through the Regional Councils for Primary and Secondary Education that operate in every prefecture. The tertiary institutions are almost totally autonomous, even if the Minister is responsible for funding. In accordance with Article 16 of the Greek constitution, education, both moral, intellectual, occupational and physical, is a basic mission for the state, with the aim of developing a national and religion conscience and provide adequate training to the future citizens.

The basic legislation is included in the following:

  • Constitution 2001 (Article16).
  • Law 682/1977: “About the private schools and boarding houses”.
  • Law 1566/1985: “Structure and Operation of Primary and Secondary Education and other Stipulations”.
  • Law 2817/2000: “Regional Directorates of Education”.
  • Law 2916/2001: “Structure of Higher Education and settlement of issues in the Technological Sector”.
  • Law 2986/2002: “Organisation of Regional Services of Primary and Secondary Education, assessment of teaching task and staff, teachers’ in service training and other stipulations”.
  • Law 3027/2002: “Regulations concerning the Organisation of School Buildings for Higher Education and other stipulations”.
  • Ministerial Decisions 21072α/Γ2/ Official Journal 303 v.B’/13-3-2003 and 21072β/Γ2/ Official Journal 304v.B’/13-3-2003, “Cross-Curricular Thematic Framework and Curricula of Primary and Secondary Education”.
  • Law 3255/2004: “Regulations for Issues of all Educational Levels”.
  • Law 3369/2005: “Systematisation of Lifelong Learningand other stipulations”.
  • Law 3467/2005: “Selection of primary and secondary education teachers, regulations for Administration and Education issues and other stipulations”.
  • Law 3475/2006: “Organization of secondary vocational education and other provisions”.
  • Law 3549/2007: “Reform of the institutional framework concerning the structure and function of the higher education institutes”.

More recently legislation interventions made in the period 2000-2001 include :

  1. Improvements have been made to the 1997/98 reform, regarding the access system to Higher Education and the hiring of educators. In the case of the first one notes a less rigid textbook based assessment system which exhibits features of analysis, association, critical thinking etc. in this regard one can claim that attempts are made to reach congruency between the curriculum and

its contents and the assessment for access to higher education system.

  1. Legislation regarding the fields of Special Education, decentralisation of education, training and evaluation of educators has been reformed (Law 2986/2002).
  2. Technological Education Institutes have been upgraded by being incorporated in Higher Education which now consists of two parallel sectors namely: the University and the Technological ones. (Law 2916/2001).

The specific changes introduced into the education system with the Greek Reform of 2007 include: The establishment of Unified Upper Secondary School (Eniaio Lykeio) which is gradually replacing all other existing types of upper secondary school (lykeio); The procedure for admission to higher education has been changed, with emphasis on the assessment of pupils in the second and third degree of lykeio; The duration of kindergartens and primary schools has been stretched because it will gradually move to full-time; Second Chance Schools have been created specifically for teens who have already completed 18 years and have not yet completed the compulsory school; The design of a common curriculum for both primary and secondary education

A focal point of educational policy is the idea that education is a social resource and a right for every citizen. Based on laws passed by Parliament for each educational level, the State intends to render more democratic the whole process of education, decentralizing it, ensuring the participation of those who are directly involved in the process, raising the quality level provided and applying the principle of merit principle in the recruitment of specific staff . Compared to European data Greece isn’t investing many resources to fund educational projects: in fact, the percentage of GDP granted to education in 2005 was 3.98% . Also the other percentage rates are lower than the European average.


Country education system

Higher education

Universities in Country

(this is an important section)

Polytechnics in Country

Higher education reform

The Bologna Process

(very important for European countries)


Administration and finance

Quality assurance

Country's HEIs in the information society

Towards the information society

Information society strategy

Virtual Campuses in HE

Interesting Virtual Campus Initiatives

(another very important section)

Interesting Programmes

Re.ViCa Case-study

Lessons learnt

References

(try to add one or two)


> Countries
>> Main Page


Don't forget to change "Pangaea" to the relevant country - and also to the relevant containing continent or continental/oceanic/political (sub)region!