Syria - Revision history

Pbacsich: CSV import all low-income countries, except Yemen done manually already

2023-05-10T16:37:10Z

CSV import all low-income countries, except Yemen done manually already

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	{{Countries-footer}}		{{Countries-footer}}
	{{United Nations}}		{{United Nations}}
			{{low-income}}

Pbacsich: CSV import United Nations members - Albania was done manually

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CSV import United Nations members - Albania was done manually

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	[[Category:VISCED]]		[[Category:VISCED]]
	{{Countries-footer}}		{{Countries-footer}}
			{{United Nations}}

Pbacsich: CSV import countries B-Z

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CSV import countries B-Z

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	[[Category:VISCED]]		[[Category:VISCED]]
			{{Countries-footer}}

Pbacsich at 11:50, 28 January 2013

2013-01-28T11:50:02Z

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	== ~~Higher education~~ reform ==		== Education reform ==

	=== The Bologna Process ===		=== The Bologna Process ===

Pbacsich: usual fixes

2013-01-28T11:49:37Z

usual fixes

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			''Original [[Re.ViCa]] entry by [[Paul Bacsich]]. Updated to [[VISCED]] level by [[Nikos Zygouritsas]] of [[Lambrakis]]''

			''For entities in Syria see [[:Category:Syria ]]''

	== Partners situated in Syria ==		== Partners situated in Syria ==

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	Arabic is the official and most widely spoken language. Kurdish is widely spoken in the Kurdish regions of Syria. Many educated Syrians also speak English and French. Armenian and Turkmen are spoken among the Armenian and Turkmen minorities. Aramaic, the lingua franca of the region before the advent of Islam and Arabic, is spoken among certain ethnic groups: as Syriac, it is used as the liturgical language of various Syriac denominations; modern Aramaic (particularly, Turoyo language and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic) is spoken in Al-Jazira region. Most remarkably, Western Neo-Aramaic is still spoken in the village of Ma`loula, and two neighbouring villages, 35 miles (56 km) northeast of Damascus.		Arabic is the official and most widely spoken language. Kurdish is widely spoken in the Kurdish regions of Syria. Many educated Syrians also speak English and French. Armenian and Turkmen are spoken among the Armenian and Turkmen minorities. Aramaic, the lingua franca of the region before the advent of Islam and Arabic, is spoken among certain ethnic groups: as Syriac, it is used as the liturgical language of various Syriac denominations; modern Aramaic (particularly, Turoyo language and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic) is spoken in Al-Jazira region. Most remarkably, Western Neo-Aramaic is still spoken in the village of Ma`loula, and two neighbouring villages, 35 miles (56 km) northeast of Damascus.


	== Syria education policy ==		== Syria education policy ==
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	According to the 2007 census, 98 percent of schools in Syria are public, 1.8 percent are private, and 0.2 percent are United Nations Relief and Works Agency schools for children who are refugees.		According to the 2007 census, 98 percent of schools in Syria are public, 1.8 percent are private, and 0.2 percent are United Nations Relief and Works Agency schools for children who are refugees.

	== Syria education system ==		=== Syria education system ===

	In 2007, there were 8 million students in the education system of Syria (4 million in basic education, 1.4 million in secondary and 2.3 million in tertiary). Given the current growth rate in the school age population, it is projected that by 2015, the education system in Syria will need to cater for an additional 1 million students in basic and secondary education.		In 2007, there were 8 million students in the education system of Syria (4 million in basic education, 1.4 million in secondary and 2.3 million in tertiary). Given the current growth rate in the school age population, it is projected that by 2015, the education system in Syria will need to cater for an additional 1 million students in basic and secondary education.


			== Schools in Syria ==


	The school system in Syria is divided into basic and secondary education levels:		The school system in Syria is divided into basic and secondary education levels:

	* 1st to 6th grade: Primary Education Level (Arabic: تعليم أساسي حلقة أولى‎)		* 1st to 6th grade: Primary Education Level (Arabic: تعليم أساسي حلقة أولى‎)
	* 7th to 9th grade: Lower Secondary Education Level (Arabic: تعليم أساسي حلقة ثانية‎)		* 7th to 9th grade: Lower Secondary Education Level (Arabic: تعليم أساسي حلقة ثانية‎)
	* 10th to 12th grade: Upper Secondary Education (Arabic: التعليم الثانوي‎), which is the equivalent of High School.		* 10th to 12th grade: Upper Secondary Education (Arabic: التعليم الثانوي‎), which is the equivalent of High School.


	'''Early Childhood Care and Education(ECCE)'''		'''Early Childhood Care and Education(ECCE)'''
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	The Government of Syria is also taking charge of providing pre -primary or early childhood education.Up until the early 1990s. ECCE programs were provided by mostly non-governmental institutions of which few belonged to the government sector,while other were either private, run by Teacher's Syndicate,General Union of workers (GUW)or the Women's Federation.		The Government of Syria is also taking charge of providing pre -primary or early childhood education.Up until the early 1990s. ECCE programs were provided by mostly non-governmental institutions of which few belonged to the government sector,while other were either private, run by Teacher's Syndicate,General Union of workers (GUW)or the Women's Federation.
	In 1990 only 5 percent of the children between the ages of 3 and 5 were enrolled in 793 kindergartens. Ten years later 7.8 percent of that age group was enrolled. Furthermore, the data from the Syrian Ministry of Education shows an increase in the number for kindergartens from 1096 to 1475 in 2004.		In 1990 only 5 percent of the children between the ages of 3 and 5 were enrolled in 793 kindergartens. Ten years later 7.8 percent of that age group was enrolled. Furthermore, the data from the Syrian Ministry of Education shows an increase in the number for kindergartens from 1096 to 1475 in 2004.


	'''Basic Education'''		'''Basic Education'''
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	The enrollment level in all programs at the lower secondary level has been rising significantly since early 2000, with the current gross enrollment rate of 95.3 percent.		The enrollment level in all programs at the lower secondary level has been rising significantly since early 2000, with the current gross enrollment rate of 95.3 percent.
	At the secondary lower level final exams of the 9th grade are carried out nationally at the same time. The result of these exams determines if the student goes to the "general" secondary schools or the technical secondary schools. Technical secondary schools include industrial and agricultural schools for male students, crafts school for female students, and commercial and computer science schools for both.		At the secondary lower level final exams of the 9th grade are carried out nationally at the same time. The result of these exams determines if the student goes to the "general" secondary schools or the technical secondary schools. Technical secondary schools include industrial and agricultural schools for male students, crafts school for female students, and commercial and computer science schools for both.


	'''Secondary Education'''		'''Secondary Education'''
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	There are wide regional disparities in post-basic education. There are lower secondary and university enrollments in rural than urban areas. Even the higher income households in rural areas do not have access to post-secondary education opportunites.		There are wide regional disparities in post-basic education. There are lower secondary and university enrollments in rural than urban areas. Even the higher income households in rural areas do not have access to post-secondary education opportunites.
	The secondary gross enrollment rate in 2007 stood at 72 percent, higher than the preceding years and one percentage point higher than the 2007 MENA regional gross enrollment rate at the secondary level.		The secondary gross enrollment rate in 2007 stood at 72 percent, higher than the preceding years and one percentage point higher than the 2007 MENA regional gross enrollment rate at the secondary level.


	'''Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET)'''		'''Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET)'''
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	At the secondary level , the education system also includes three years of general or vocatinal education. Syria has a relatively large proportion of secondary school students in vocational schools; about 36 percent of total secondary school students in 2004 are in vocational schools. According to UIS the total enrollment in technical and vocational education (both private and public) in 2007 decreased to 103 from 113,994 students in 2006.Out of the total number, 41898 are female students enrolled in TVET.		At the secondary level , the education system also includes three years of general or vocatinal education. Syria has a relatively large proportion of secondary school students in vocational schools; about 36 percent of total secondary school students in 2004 are in vocational schools. According to UIS the total enrollment in technical and vocational education (both private and public) in 2007 decreased to 103 from 113,994 students in 2006.Out of the total number, 41898 are female students enrolled in TVET.
	In 1990s, the goevrnment aimed to increase TVET enrollment and at one time decided to allocate 70 percent of the lower secondary graduates to vocational schools, which meant doubling the share of TVET in total enrollment from 20 percent in 1990 to 40 percent in 2000. However, this later proved unsustainable. Then in 2000 a new policy stipulated 50:50 distributions of secondary students between general and vocational secondary education, and this was later decreased to 40 percent. Students enrolled in four main specializations: commercial, industrial, agricultural and handicrafts. The TVET system in Syria is very rigid with no options of reentering the formal school system.		In 1990s, the goevrnment aimed to increase TVET enrollment and at one time decided to allocate 70 percent of the lower secondary graduates to vocational schools, which meant doubling the share of TVET in total enrollment from 20 percent in 1990 to 40 percent in 2000. However, this later proved unsustainable. Then in 2000 a new policy stipulated 50:50 distributions of secondary students between general and vocational secondary education, and this was later decreased to 40 percent. Students enrolled in four main specializations: commercial, industrial, agricultural and handicrafts. The TVET system in Syria is very rigid with no options of reentering the formal school system.


	== Higher education ==		== Higher education ==

	=== Universities ~~Education~~ ===		=== Universities ===

	The Ministry of Higher Education was established in 1966 to supervise the scientific and educational institutions, such as, universities, academic councils, the Arabic Language Academy and educational hospitals. Most post-secondary education is state provided, but legislation passed in 2001 allows the establishment of some private universities and colleges. Resources for education have risen in absolute terms over the past decade, but it is difficult to match the rate of population growth. Colleges charge modest fees ($10–20 a year) if the student achieves the sufficient marks in his Baccalaureate exams. If not, the student may opt to pay higher fees ($1500–3000) to enroll. There are some private schools and colleges but their fees are much higher.		The Ministry of Higher Education was established in 1966 to supervise the scientific and educational institutions, such as, universities, academic councils, the Arabic Language Academy and educational hospitals. Most post-secondary education is state provided, but legislation passed in 2001 allows the establishment of some private universities and colleges. Resources for education have risen in absolute terms over the past decade, but it is difficult to match the rate of population growth. Colleges charge modest fees ($10–20 a year) if the student achieves the sufficient marks in his Baccalaureate exams. If not, the student may opt to pay higher fees ($1500–3000) to enroll. There are some private schools and colleges but their fees are much higher.

	Domestic policies emphasize engineering and medicine in Syria’s universities, with less emphasis on the arts, law, and business. Most universities in Syria follow the French model of the high education, the university stages and the academic degrees are:		Domestic policies emphasize engineering and medicine in Syria’s universities, with less emphasis on the arts, law, and business. Most universities in Syria follow the French model of the high education, the university stages and the academic degrees are:

	* First stage: the License awarded after 4 years to 6 years depending on the field.		* First stage: the License awarded after 4 years to 6 years depending on the field.
	* Second stage: the DEA or DESS 1–2 years postgraduate degree equivalent to the Master's degree in the American-English systems.		* Second stage: the DEA or DESS 1–2 years postgraduate degree equivalent to the Master's degree in the American-English systems.
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	# Al-Hwash University in Al-Hwash - in Homs.		# Al-Hwash University in Al-Hwash - in Homs.
	# Syrian International Academy for Training and Development - in Damascus		# Syrian International Academy for Training and Development - in Damascus


	=== Polytechnics in Syria ===		=== Polytechnics in Syria ===
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	== Virtual ~~Campuses in HE~~ ==		== Virtual initiatives ==

	The only well-known one is the Syrian Virtual University (see next).		The only well-known one is the Syrian Virtual University (see next).
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	[[Category:Syria\| ]]		[[Category:Syria\| ]]
	[[Category:Middle East]]		[[Category:Middle East]]
			[[Category:Arab Middle East]]
	[[Category:Asia]]		[[Category:Asia]]

	[[Category:Countries with Programmes]]		[[Category:Countries with Programmes]]

			[[Category:Tier 2]]

			[[Category:VISCED]]

Nikos Zygouritsas: /* Universities in Syria */

2011-08-01T15:21:35Z

Universities in Syria

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:21, 1 August 2011
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	== Higher education ==		== Higher education ==

	=== Universities ~~in Syria~~ ===		=== Universities Education ===

	Most universities in ~~Syria follow~~ the ~~French model~~ of the ~~high education~~, the ~~university stages~~ and ~~the academic degrees~~ are:		The Ministry of Higher Education was established in 1966 to supervise the scientific and educational institutions, such as, universities, academic councils, the Arabic Language Academy and educational hospitals. Most post-secondary education is state provided, but legislation passed in 2001 allows the establishment of some private universities and colleges. Resources for education have risen in absolute terms over the past decade, but it is difficult to match the rate of population growth. Colleges charge modest fees ($10–20 a year) if the student achieves the sufficient marks in his Baccalaureate exams. If not, the student may opt to pay higher fees ($1500–3000) to enroll. There are some private schools and colleges but their fees are much higher.

	# First stage: the ~~Licence~~ awarded after 4 years to 6 years depending on the field.		Domestic policies emphasize engineering and medicine in Syria’s universities, with less emphasis on the arts, law, and business. Most universities in Syria follow the French model of the high education, the university stages and the academic degrees are:
	# Second stage: the DEA or DESS ~~1-2~~ years postgraduate degree equivalent to the Master's degree in the American-English systems.		* First stage: the License awarded after 4 years to 6 years depending on the field.
	# Third stage: the ~~doctorat 3-5~~ years after the DEA or an equivalent degree.		* Second stage: the DEA or DESS 1–2 years postgraduate degree equivalent to the Master's degree in the American-English systems.
			* Third stage: the doctorate 3–5 years after the DEA or an equivalent degree.

			Until recently 20 private universities have been given licenses, 14 of which have actually opened the doors and 6 to be opened soon. Private universities will have an independent academic and management structure representing the owner and will be headed by the president of the university. There will also be a university board consisting of either: chancellor, faculty or division.


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	# Al-Hwash University in Al-Hwash - in Homs.		# Al-Hwash University in Al-Hwash - in Homs.
	# Syrian International Academy for Training and Development - in Damascus		# Syrian International Academy for Training and Development - in Damascus


	=== Polytechnics in Syria ===		=== Polytechnics in Syria ===

Nikos Zygouritsas: /* Syria education system */

2011-08-01T15:19:59Z

Syria education system

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:19, 1 August 2011
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	== Syria education system ==		== Syria education system ==

	~~The strong educational system~~ in ~~Syria was based on~~ the ~~old French~~ system. ~~Education~~ is ~~free~~ in ~~all public schools~~ and ~~obligatory up to the 9th grade~~. ~~Schools are~~ divided into ~~three~~ levels:		In 2007, there were 8 million students in the education system of Syria (4 million in basic education, 1.4 million in secondary and 2.3 million in tertiary). Given the current growth rate in the school age population, it is projected that by 2015, the education system in Syria will need to cater for an additional 1 million students in basic and secondary education.
			The school system in Syria is divided into basic and secondary education levels:
			* 1st to 6th grade: Primary Education Level (Arabic: تعليم أساسي حلقة أولى‎)
			* 7th to 9th grade: Lower Secondary Education Level (Arabic: تعليم أساسي حلقة ثانية‎)
			* 10th to 12th grade: Upper Secondary Education (Arabic: التعليم الثانوي‎), which is the equivalent of High School.

	~~# 1st to 6th grade: Basic~~ Education ~~Level I~~		'''Early Childhood Care and Education(ECCE)'''
	~~# 7th to 9th grade: Basic Education Level II~~
	~~# 10th to 12th grade: Secondary Education, which is the equivalent of High School.~~

	~~Final exams~~ of the ~~9th grade are carried out nationally at the same time~~. ~~The result~~ of ~~these exams determines if the student goes~~ to the ~~"general" secondary schools~~ or the ~~technical secondary schools~~. ~~Technical secondary schools include industrial~~ and ~~agricultural schools for male students~~, ~~crafts school~~ for ~~female students, and commercial and computer science schools for both~~.		The Government of Syria is also taking charge of providing pre -primary or early childhood education.Up until the early 1990s. ECCE programs were provided by mostly non-governmental institutions of which few belonged to the government sector,while other were either private, run by Teacher's Syndicate,General Union of workers (GUW)or the Women's Federation.
			In 1990 only 5 percent of the children between the ages of 3 and 5 were enrolled in 793 kindergartens. Ten years later 7.8 percent of that age group was enrolled. Furthermore, the data from the Syrian Ministry of Education shows an increase in the number for kindergartens from 1096 to 1475 in 2004.

	~~At the beginning of the 11th grade, those who go to "general" secondary school have to choose to continue their study in either the "literary branch" or the "scientific branch".~~		'''Basic Education'''

	The final exams of the ~~12th~~ grade ~~(the baccalaureate)~~ are ~~also~~ carried out nationally ~~and~~ at the same time. The result of these exams determines ~~which university, college and specialization~~ the student goes to. ~~To do that the student has to apply through a complicated system called Mufadalah~~.		The gross enrollment rate in primary education under basic education level in 2000 was 104.3 and it has been steadily rising reaching to about 126.24 percent in 2007. But still the enrollment of females is lower than males. The gender parity index, ratio of female enrollment to male enrollment, since 2006 was 0.955.
			The enrollment level in all programs at the lower secondary level has been rising significantly since early 2000, with the current gross enrollment rate of 95.3 percent.
			At the secondary lower level final exams of the 9th grade are carried out nationally at the same time. The result of these exams determines if the student goes to the "general" secondary schools or the technical secondary schools. Technical secondary schools include industrial and agricultural schools for male students, crafts school for female students, and commercial and computer science schools for both.

			'''Secondary Education'''

			The upper secondary education is for 3 years from grade 10 to grade 12.At the beginning of the 11th grade, those who go to "general" secondary school have to choose to continue their study in either the "literary branch" or the "scientific branch". The final exams of the 12th grade (the baccalaureate) are also carried out nationally and at the same time. The result of these exams determines which university, college and specialization the student goes to. To do that the student has to apply through a complicated system called Mufadalah.
			There are wide regional disparities in post-basic education. There are lower secondary and university enrollments in rural than urban areas. Even the higher income households in rural areas do not have access to post-secondary education opportunites.
			The secondary gross enrollment rate in 2007 stood at 72 percent, higher than the preceding years and one percentage point higher than the 2007 MENA regional gross enrollment rate at the secondary level.

			'''Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET)'''

			At the secondary level , the education system also includes three years of general or vocatinal education. Syria has a relatively large proportion of secondary school students in vocational schools; about 36 percent of total secondary school students in 2004 are in vocational schools. According to UIS the total enrollment in technical and vocational education (both private and public) in 2007 decreased to 103 from 113,994 students in 2006.Out of the total number, 41898 are female students enrolled in TVET.
			In 1990s, the goevrnment aimed to increase TVET enrollment and at one time decided to allocate 70 percent of the lower secondary graduates to vocational schools, which meant doubling the share of TVET in total enrollment from 20 percent in 1990 to 40 percent in 2000. However, this later proved unsustainable. Then in 2000 a new policy stipulated 50:50 distributions of secondary students between general and vocational secondary education, and this was later decreased to 40 percent. Students enrolled in four main specializations: commercial, industrial, agricultural and handicrafts. The TVET system in Syria is very rigid with no options of reentering the formal school system.

	== Higher education ==		== Higher education ==

Nikos Zygouritsas: /* Syria education policy */

2011-08-01T15:18:38Z

Syria education policy

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:18, 1 August 2011
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	== Syria education policy ==		== Syria education policy ==

	~~Education~~ is ~~free and compulsory~~ from ~~ages~~ 6 to 11. ~~Schooling consists~~ of ~~6 years~~ of ~~primary~~ education ~~followed by a 3-year general or vocational training period~~ and ~~a 3-year academic or vocational program~~. ~~The second 3-year~~ period of ~~academic training is required for university admission~~. ~~Total enrollment at post-secondary schools is over 150,000~~. ~~The literacy rate of Syrians aged 15 and older is 86% for males and 73.6% for females~~.		Since 2000 the Government of Syria has significantly increased the expenditure on education. Also as government is the main source for financing education at all stages, the proportion of total government expenditure jumped from 12.6 percent in 2000 to 15.7 percent in 2005, bringing it closer to the average share of education expenditure in the MENA region of 18.3 percent. The total expenditure in the education sector doubled between 2000 and 2005 from SYP 35 billion in 2000 to 72 billion in 2005. During this period, the share of education expenditure to GDP increased from 2.7 percent to 4.3 percent.

			Syria ranked 105 out of 179 countries on Human Development Index in 2006.Syria is also one of the few Arab countries that have achieved the target of universal primary education. It is showing remarkable progress in achieving other MDG targets: the gender gap in enrollment is small, with gender parity index of enrollment at primary level at 95 percent and 96 percent at the secondary level in 2007. Literacy rate is estimated at 82 percent in 2004 which is also higher than the average for MENA and lower middle income countries (LMIC ). Literacy among youth (15 to 24) stood at 92.5 percent in 2004.

			Education in the Syrian Arab Republic is centralized and the responsibility of supervising,setting the curriculum and goals of teaching, including the interaction and integration of the active teaching elements rests on the Ministry of Education. The Ministry of Education is responsible for providing educational services to its 14 directorates in the governorates.Each education directorate is responsible for the schools in its governorate.

			In 1981, a law was passed to make education compulsory for all Syrian children from grades 1 to 6. In 2002,elementary and primary education were combined into one basic education stage and education was made compulsory and free from grades 1 to 9.

			Arabic is the medium of instruction in the Syrian Arab Republic. English is taught from grade 1 in the basic learning stage as the primary second language, and French is taught in grades 7-12.
			According to the 2007 census, 98 percent of schools in Syria are public, 1.8 percent are private, and 0.2 percent are United Nations Relief and Works Agency schools for children who are refugees.

	== Syria education system ==		== Syria education system ==

Gertjan: /* Syria in a nutshell */ Country picture added

2009-09-04T12:54:52Z

Syria in a nutshell: Country picture added

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:54, 4 September 2009
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	(sourced from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria)		(sourced from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria)

			[[Image:Syria.gif\|right\|thumb\|250px\|Source : http://www.cia.gov]]
	''Syria'' (Arabic: سورية‎ '''Sūriya''' or '''Sūrya'''), officially the '''Syrian Arab Republic''' (الجمهورية العربية السورية), is an Arab country in Southwest Asia, bordering [[Lebanon]] and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, [[Israel]] to the southwest, [[Jordan]] to the south, [[Iraq]] to the east, and [[Turkey]] to the north.		''Syria'' (Arabic: سورية‎ '''Sūriya''' or '''Sūrya'''), officially the '''Syrian Arab Republic''' (الجمهورية العربية السورية), is an Arab country in Southwest Asia, bordering [[Lebanon]] and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, [[Israel]] to the southwest, [[Jordan]] to the south, [[Iraq]] to the east, and [[Turkey]] to the north.

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	Arabic is the official and most widely spoken language. Kurdish is widely spoken in the Kurdish regions of Syria. Many educated Syrians also speak English and French. Armenian and Turkmen are spoken among the Armenian and Turkmen minorities. Aramaic, the lingua franca of the region before the advent of Islam and Arabic, is spoken among certain ethnic groups: as Syriac, it is used as the liturgical language of various Syriac denominations; modern Aramaic (particularly, Turoyo language and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic) is spoken in Al-Jazira region. Most remarkably, Western Neo-Aramaic is still spoken in the village of Ma`loula, and two neighbouring villages, 35 miles (56 km) northeast of Damascus.		Arabic is the official and most widely spoken language. Kurdish is widely spoken in the Kurdish regions of Syria. Many educated Syrians also speak English and French. Armenian and Turkmen are spoken among the Armenian and Turkmen minorities. Aramaic, the lingua franca of the region before the advent of Islam and Arabic, is spoken among certain ethnic groups: as Syriac, it is used as the liturgical language of various Syriac denominations; modern Aramaic (particularly, Turoyo language and Assyrian Neo-Aramaic) is spoken in Al-Jazira region. Most remarkably, Western Neo-Aramaic is still spoken in the village of Ma`loula, and two neighbouring villages, 35 miles (56 km) northeast of Damascus.


	== Syria education policy ==		== Syria education policy ==

Pbacsich: /* References */ added cat cwp

2009-08-20T20:40:46Z

References: added cat cwp

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:40, 20 August 2009
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	[[Category:Middle East]]		[[Category:Middle East]]
	[[Category:Asia]]		[[Category:Asia]]

			[[Category:Countries with Programmes]]