Lebanon - Revision history

Pbacsich: CSV import United Nations members - Albania was done manually

2023-05-10T14:48:37Z

CSV import United Nations members - Albania was done manually

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	[[Category:VISCED]]		[[Category:VISCED]]
	{{Countries-footer}}		{{Countries-footer}}
			{{United Nations}}

Pbacsich: CSV import countries B-Z

2023-05-10T11:44:55Z

CSV import countries B-Z

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	[[Category:VISCED]]		[[Category:VISCED]]
			{{Countries-footer}}

Pbacsich at 11:58, 28 January 2013

2013-01-28T11:58:35Z

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	''Original [[Re.ViCa]] entry by [[Paul Bacsich]]. Updated to [[VISCED]] level by by [[Nikos Zygouritsas]] of [[Lambrakis]]''		''Original [[Re.ViCa]] entry by [[Paul Bacsich]]. Updated to [[VISCED]] level by [[Nikos Zygouritsas]] of [[Lambrakis]]''

	''For entities in Lebanon see [[:Category:Lebanon]]''		''For entities in Lebanon see [[:Category:Lebanon]]''

Pbacsich: usual fixes

2013-01-28T11:32:04Z

usual fixes

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			''Original [[Re.ViCa]] entry by [[Paul Bacsich]]. Updated to [[VISCED]] level by by [[Nikos Zygouritsas]] of [[Lambrakis]]''

			''For entities in Lebanon see [[:Category:Lebanon]]''


	== Partners situated in Lebanon ==		== Partners situated in Lebanon ==

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	The Center for Educational Research and Development (CERD) is an autonomous staff organization under the trusteeship of the MOEHE. CERD’s tasks are 1) to draft curricula of academic and vocational education for the pre-university education stage, 2) to revise and modify the curricula according to the necessity, 3) to prepare all means and ways for applying these curricula, 4) to do educational research, 5) to secure training for pre-university teachers, 6) to prepare the curricula in all subject areas, 7) to provide teacher training, 8) to write textbooks, and 9) to conduct evaluations, etc.		The Center for Educational Research and Development (CERD) is an autonomous staff organization under the trusteeship of the MOEHE. CERD’s tasks are 1) to draft curricula of academic and vocational education for the pre-university education stage, 2) to revise and modify the curricula according to the necessity, 3) to prepare all means and ways for applying these curricula, 4) to do educational research, 5) to secure training for pre-university teachers, 6) to prepare the curricula in all subject areas, 7) to provide teacher training, 8) to write textbooks, and 9) to conduct evaluations, etc.

	== Lebanon ~~education system~~ ==		== Schools in Lebanon ==

	All Lebanese schools are required to follow a prescribed curriculum designed by the Ministry of Education.		All Lebanese schools are required to follow a prescribed curriculum designed by the Ministry of Education.
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	Students go through three academic phases:		Students go through three academic phases:

	# elementary - 6 years		# elementary - 6 years
	# intermediate = 3 years		# intermediate = 3 years
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	# University of Balamand		# University of Balamand
	# PRINCELY International University		# PRINCELY International University


	=== Polytechnics in Lebanon ===		=== Polytechnics in Lebanon ===
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	No details.		No details.

	== ~~Higher education~~ reform ==		== Education reform ==

	=== The Bologna Process ===		=== The Bologna Process ===
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	== ~~Lebanon's HEIs in the information~~ society ==		== Information society ==

	=== Towards the information society ===		=== Towards the information society ===
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	== Virtual ~~Campuses in HE~~ ==		== Virtual initiatives ==

	=== Interesting Virtual Campus Initiatives ===		=== Interesting Virtual Campus Initiatives ===
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	[[Category:Lebanon\| ]]		[[Category:Lebanon\| ]]

	[[Category:Asia]]		[[Category:Asia]]
	[[Category:Middle East]]		[[Category:Middle East]]
			[[Category:Arab Middle East]]


	[[Category:Countries with Programmes]]		[[Category:Countries with Programmes]]


			[[Category:Tier 2]]

			[[Category:VISCED]]

Nikos Zygouritsas: /* Higher education */

2011-08-01T14:52:40Z

Higher education

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	== Higher education ==		== Higher education ==

	~~Following secondary school~~, Lebanese ~~students may choose to study at a university, a college, or a vocational training institute~~. The ~~number~~ of ~~years to complete each program varies. While~~ the ~~Lebanese educational system offer a very high quality~~ and ~~international class~~ of ~~education, the local employment market lacks~~ of ~~enough opportunities~~, ~~thus encouraging many of the young educated to travel abroad~~.		Higher education in Lebanon composes of Technical and Vocational Institutes, University colleges, University Institutes and Universities. The Lebanese University is the only public institution. The Ministry of Education and Higher Education administrates the private and public sectors and Technical and Vocational Institutes are under the Directorate General of Technical and Vocational Education Directorate General of Higher Education has responsibility for University Colleges, University Institutes and Universities).

	~~Lebanon has 41 nationally accredited universities~~, ~~several~~ of ~~which are internationally recognized~~.		According to the World Bank database, gross enrollment rate of tertiary education is 46.9 percent for male, 56.3 percent for female, and 51.6 percent for total. (The World Bank 2009) Private enrollment share of tertiary education is 53.4 percent.

	~~The American University~~ of ~~Beirut (AUB) and the Université Saint-Joseph (USJ) were the first Anglophone and the first Francophone universities to open in Lebanon, respectively~~.		Female students are seen in every university program or field of specialization.

	The universities, both public and private, largely operate in French or English.~~[78]~~		Following high school, Lebanese students may choose to study at a university, a college, or a vocational training institute. The number of years to complete each program varies.
			The lebanese Baccalaureate is accredited worldwide. French Baccalaureate can be presented by students who have other nationality than the lebanese. The French Baccalaureate is also accredited.

			While the Lebanese educational system offers a very high quality and international class of education, the local employment market lacks enough opportunities, thus encouraging many of the young educated to travel abroad; Successful Lebanese engineers, doctors, businessmen, etc. are found practically all over the world. Lebanon has 41 nationally-accredited universities, several of which are internationally recognized. The American University of Beirut (AUB) and the Université Saint-Joseph (USJ) were the first Anglophone and the first Francophone universities to open in Lebanon respectively. The forty-one universities, both public and private, largely operate in French, or English as these are the most widely used foreign languages in Lebanon.

			At the English universities, students who have graduated from an American-style high school program enter at the freshman level to earn their baccalaureate equivalence from the Lebanese Ministry of Higher Education. This qualifies them to continue studying at the higher levels. Such students are required to have already taken the SAT I and the SAT II (Subjects Test) upon applying to college, in lieu of the official exams. On the other hand, students who have graduated from a school that follows the Lebanese educational system are directly admitted to the sophomore year. These students are still required to take the SAT I, but not the SAT II.

			There are several prestigious universities in Lebanon, including the Arts, Sciences and Technology University in Lebanon, the Lebanese University, the University of Balamand, the American University of Beirut, Beirut Arab University, the Lebanese International University, Haigazian University, the Université Saint-Joseph, the Lebanese American University, and the Notre Dame University - Louaize. In addition, some students choose to study abroad. The United Nations assigned Lebanon an Education Index of 0.84 in 2005.

	At the English universities, students who have graduated from an American-style high school program enter at the freshman level to earn their baccalaureate equivalence from the Lebanese Ministry of Higher Education. This qualifies them to continue studying at the higher levels. Such students are required to have already taken the SAT I and the SAT II upon applying to college, in lieu of the official exams. On the other hand, students who have graduated from a school that follows the Lebanese educational system are directly admitted to the sophomore year. These students are still required to take the SAT I, but not the SAT II. The university academic degrees for the first stage are the Bachelor or the Licence, for the second stage are the Master or the DEA and the third stage is the doctorate.

	The United Nations assigned Lebanon an education index of 0.871 in 2008.		The United Nations assigned Lebanon an education index of 0.871 in 2008.

			Not all private higher educational institutions in Lebanon consider SAT I or SAT II for undergraduate admissions. The majority require a local entrance test prepared by these individual higher educational institutions. In most times, the entrance test is a placement test. The main requirement for undergraduate admissions for Lebanese students is the secondary-school leaving certificate called the Baccalaureate II or more recently the International Baccalaureate. However, students with a foreign nationality are admitted to private higher education institutions that pattern after the American system of higher education as Freshman students in case they do not have an equivalence to the Baccalaureate II. In case they obtain an equivalence from the Ministry of Education and higher Education, they are admitted as sophomore students. As for the Lebanese University, which is the only public higher educational institution in Lebanon, students are admitted to undergraduate programs based on their Baccalaureate II. A number of Faculties at the Lebanese University, such as the Faculty of Sciences require further testing for selectivity based on entrance tests (concurs)prepared and administered by this faculty.

Nikos Zygouritsas: /* Lebanon education system */

2011-08-01T14:50:40Z

Lebanon education system

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	These three phases are provided free to all students and the first eight years are, by law, compulsory. Nevertheless, this requirement currently falls short of being fully enforced.		These three phases are provided free to all students and the first eight years are, by law, compulsory. Nevertheless, this requirement currently falls short of being fully enforced.

			'''Pre-Primary Education'''

			According to the World Bank database, gross enrollment rate of pre-primary education is 67.1 percent for male, 65.6 percent for female, and 66.4 percent for total in 2007. Pre-primary education aims to initiate children into the school environment. The goal of pre-primary education is 1) to create a favorable climate for the children to communicate with others, 2) to develop their physical capacities, limb control and coordination of their movements, and 3) to educate their senses. Pre-primary education also takes into account physiological moral and intellectual development of children. According to the World Bank database, private enrollment share for pre-primary education is 80.3 percent in 2008.

			'''Basic Education'''

			Elementary Level According to the World Bank database, gross enrollment rate of elementary level of basic education is for 96.8 percent for male, 93.9 percent for female, and 95.4 percent for total in 2007. Private enrollment share in elementary level is 67.6 percent in 2007.

			'''Intermediate Level'''

			According to the World Bank database, gross enrollment rate of intermediate level is 83.2 percent for male, 90.7 percent for female, and 86.9 percent for total in 2007. (The World Bank Edstats) Primary completion rate of Lebanon (US$6,000 GNI per capita in 2007) is lower than that of Tunisia, Jordan, Iran, Algeria, West Bank and Egypt (all of which have lower GNI per capita). Primary completion rates have not improved during the period 1995/96 to 2003/04. In 2007, Primary completion rate is 79.8 percent for male, 83.3 percent for female, and 81.5 percent for total. According to UIS database, technical and vocational enrollment as percent of total enrollment in intermediate level is 5.1 percent in 2008. Private enrollment share of general education in intermediate level is 60.2 percent and that of technical and vocational education is 56.8 percent in 2008.

			'''Secondary Education'''

			Secondary education is three years education, and composes of general education (humanities, economics, life sciences, science) and technical education (about 55 different fields of study). School principals decide students’ path based on students’ aptitude as shown by the Brevet examination results. When students complete three years education, they take official Lebanese Baccalaureate exams in their respective tracks (four in all). Students who finish examinations successfully obtain the Lebanese Baccalaureate Certificate of Secondary Education (Shahaadat Al-Bakaalouriya al Lubnaaniya l’il-ta ‘liim al-Thaanawi) or the Technical Baccalaureate (Al-Bakaalouriya al-Finniya).
			Palestinian refugees in Lebanon have limited access to public secondary education. Most of them are not able to afford the high cost of private secondary education. UNRWA operates three secondary schools in Beirut, Saida and Tyre. School operated by UNRWA partially offset the absence of available educational opportunities at the secondary school level.” (UNRWA website) According to the World Bank database, gross enrollment rate of secondary education is 69.8 percent for male, 80.2 percent for female, and 74.9 percent for total. According to UIS database, technical and vocational enrollment as percent of total enrollment in secondary level is 27.8 percent in 2008. Private enrollment share of general education in intermediate level is 49.8 percent and that of technical and vocational education is 56.9 percent in 2008.

	== Higher education ==		== Higher education ==

Nikos Zygouritsas: /* Administration and finance */

2011-08-01T14:37:30Z

Administration and finance

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	== Administration and finance ==		== Administration and finance ==
			According to the World Bank database, public education expenditure as percentage of GDP is 2.7 in 2007 and public education expenditure as percent of government spending is 9.6 in 2007. Public schools are financed by the Ministry of Education and private schools are financed by students’ fees. The processes involved curricula draft and modification, and teacher training are mainly financed by nongovernment funds such as private companies or international bodies which include the World Bank and the UNDP.

	== Quality assurance ==		== Quality assurance ==

Nikos Zygouritsas: /* Lebanon education policy */

2011-08-01T14:36:59Z

Lebanon education policy

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	== Lebanon education policy ==		== Lebanon education policy ==
			Ministry of Education and Higher Education (MOEHE) regulates all education institutes in the public sector through a regional education system. The education system in Lebanon is centralized, and this regulation is not direct. The education system is managed through regional education bureaus. Public schools are monitored by the regional education bureaus in the governorates. The regional education bureau serves as liaisons between the public school and the directorates of education at the ministry’s headquarters. Private schools have their own organization, but private schools are still subject to the authority of the MOEHE.

	~~All three phases~~ of ~~high school~~ are ~~provided free~~ to all ~~students~~ and the ~~first eight years are~~, ~~by law~~, ~~compulsory~~		The Center for Educational Research and Development (CERD) is an autonomous staff organization under the trusteeship of the MOEHE. CERD’s tasks are 1) to draft curricula of academic and vocational education for the pre-university education stage, 2) to revise and modify the curricula according to the necessity, 3) to prepare all means and ways for applying these curricula, 4) to do educational research, 5) to secure training for pre-university teachers, 6) to prepare the curricula in all subject areas, 7) to provide teacher training, 8) to write textbooks, and 9) to conduct evaluations, etc.

	== Lebanon education system ==		== Lebanon education system ==

Gertjan: /* Lebanon in a nutshell */ internal link

2009-09-04T15:24:11Z

Lebanon in a nutshell: internal link

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	Lebanon is the historic home of the Phoenicians, a maritime culture which are beleived to have flourished for more than 3,000 years (3700-450 BC).		Lebanon is the historic home of the Phoenicians, a maritime culture which are beleived to have flourished for more than 3,000 years (3700-450 BC).

	Before the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990), the country enjoyed a period of relative calm and prosperity, driven by tourism, agriculture, and banking. It is considered one of the banking capitals of Western Asia, and during its heyday was known to some as the "Switzerland of the East" due to its financial power and diversity at the time. Lebanon also attracted large numbers of tourists[8] to the point that the capital Beirut became widely referred to as the "self-proclaimed Paris of the East." Immediately following the end of the war, there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure.		Before the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990), the country enjoyed a period of relative calm and prosperity, driven by tourism, agriculture, and banking. It is considered one of the banking capitals of Western Asia, and during its heyday was known to some as the "[[Switzerland]] of the East" due to its financial power and diversity at the time. Lebanon also attracted large numbers of tourists[8] to the point that the capital Beirut became widely referred to as the "self-proclaimed Paris of the East." Immediately following the end of the war, there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure.

	Until July 2006, a considerable degree of stability had been achieved throughout much of the country, Beirut's reconstruction was almost complete, and an increasing number of foreign tourists were pouring into Lebanon's resorts. This was until the one month long 2006 Lebanon War, between the Israeli military and Hezbollah, which caused significant civilian death and serious damage to Lebanon's civil infrastructure. The conflict lasted from 12 July 2006 until a cessation of hostilities call, by the UN Security Council, went into effect on 14 August 2006. After some turbulent political times, Lebanon was again able to revive and restablize its economy and government. Lebanon is once again flourishing as one of the main tourist and banking destinations in the Middle East.		Until July 2006, a considerable degree of stability had been achieved throughout much of the country, Beirut's reconstruction was almost complete, and an increasing number of foreign tourists were pouring into Lebanon's resorts. This was until the one month long 2006 Lebanon War, between the Israeli military and Hezbollah, which caused significant civilian death and serious damage to Lebanon's civil infrastructure. The conflict lasted from 12 July 2006 until a cessation of hostilities call, by the UN Security Council, went into effect on 14 August 2006. After some turbulent political times, Lebanon was again able to revive and restablize its economy and government. Lebanon is once again flourishing as one of the main tourist and banking destinations in the Middle East.

Gertjan: /* Lebanon in a nutshell */ country map added

2009-09-04T15:23:23Z

Lebanon in a nutshell: country map added

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:23, 4 September 2009
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	''Lebanon'' (Arabic: لبنان '''Lubnān'''), officially the '''Republic of Lebanon''' or '''Lebanese Republic''' (الجمهورية اللبنانية), is a country in Western Asia, on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by [[Syria]] to the north and east, and [[Israel]] to the south. Due to its sectarian diversity, Lebanon established a unique political system in 1942, known as confessionalism, based on a community-based power-sharing mechanism. It was created when the ruling French mandatory powers expanded the borders of the former autonomous Ottoman Mount Lebanon district that was mostly populated by Maronite Catholics and Druze.		''Lebanon'' (Arabic: لبنان '''Lubnān'''), officially the '''Republic of Lebanon''' or '''Lebanese Republic''' (الجمهورية اللبنانية), is a country in Western Asia, on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by [[Syria]] to the north and east, and [[Israel]] to the south. Due to its sectarian diversity, Lebanon established a unique political system in 1942, known as confessionalism, based on a community-based power-sharing mechanism. It was created when the ruling French mandatory powers expanded the borders of the former autonomous Ottoman Mount Lebanon district that was mostly populated by Maronite Catholics and Druze.

			[[Image:Lebanon.gif\|right\|thumb\|400px\|Source : http://www.cia.gov]]
	Lebanon is the historic home of the Phoenicians, a maritime culture which are beleived to have flourished for more than 3,000 years (3700-450 BC).		Lebanon is the historic home of the Phoenicians, a maritime culture which are beleived to have flourished for more than 3,000 years (3700-450 BC).

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	'''Districts'''		'''Districts'''

	Lebanon is divided into six governorates (mohaafazaat, Arabic: محافظات —‎;singular mohafazah, Arabic: محافظة‎) which are further subdivided into twenty-five districts (aqdya — singular: qadaa). The districts themselves are also divided into several municipalities, each enclosing a group of cities or villages.		Lebanon is divided into six governorates (mohaafazaat, Arabic: محافظات —‎;singular mohafazah, Arabic: محافظة‎) which are further subdivided into twenty-five districts (aqdya — singular: qadaa). The districts themselves are also divided into several municipalities, each enclosing a group of cities or villages.


	== Lebanon education policy ==		== Lebanon education policy ==